Development and Globalisation Flashcards
Name some common developmental indicators?
GDP/Capita IMR Doctor access Literacy rate Birth Rate Death Rate
What is HDI?
Human Development Index - a compound measurement of development (better than single indicators)
Economics issues in LDCs?
- low incomes (Ethiopia GNI/capita is $380
- poor trade links/presence (10% of population in LDCs, 0.4% of trade)
- debt: money must go towards high interest repayments
- trade in low-profit goods, mostly primary resources e.g. minerals
- trade deficits
- economic instability and lack of diversification
Social issues in LDCs?
- limited health care (30,000 patients/doctor in Ethiopia)
- high IMR (75/100,000 in Ethiopia)
- high levels of malnutrition and disease
- low education and literacy levels (30% in Ethiopia)
- lack of access to clean water and sanitation
Demographic issues in LDCs?
- low life expectancy (56 in Ethiopia)
- rapid natural population growth leading to food shortages
Political issues in LDCs?
- not truly democratic
- corruption
- war and conflict
Cultural issues in LDCs?
- conservative religion hampering development
- inequality between genders and ethnic groups
What are the benefits of National Groupings?
ECONOMIC BENEFIT:
- reducing barriers to trade, thus increasing trade (NAFTA)
- larger market for business
- comparative advantages as countries can specialize to maximize productivity
PROMOTING DEVELOPMENT:
- tackle issues of global concern e.g. UN Millennium Development Goals which highlighted global issues
TO INCREASE SECURITY AND PEACE
- less likely to go to war with an economic partner and also agree on policies to increase regional and global security
Positive consequences of National Groupings?
- increase development due to increased trade
- increasing QoL
- can support declining regions or industries e.g. EU rural development policy
- freedom of movement
- better global representation for smaller countries
- reduced conflict and improved relations
- global security e.g. NATO
Negative consequences of National Groupings?
- loss of some self-determination
- sharing resources, some will lose out
- can reduce extra-group trade
- richer states must support poorer ones
What is the EU? (National grouping CS)
Closely integrates economic and political union:
- single market
- many countries with a single currency
- common laws and policies e.g. CAP
Positive Impacts of EU? (National grouping CS)
- trade increased (not just displaced but created outright), 12-23% GDP from EU since 1970
- Euro means price consistency and less uncertainty about XRs
- support for industry e.g. CAP
- increased security from external threats e.g. biometric passports, Schengen DB
- freedom of movement
Negative Impacts of EU? (National grouping CS)
- joining can be expensive e.g. environmental requirements must be invested in
- sharing resources e.g. CFP means British fishing grounds are now open to other states
- extra-EU tariffs stifle extra-EU trade and are protectionist
- unskilled immigration fueling tension and driving down wages
- loss of some self-determination
Economic and environmental sustainability…
are often in conflict
Timber Industry in Sarawak? (Economic/Environmental Sustainability CS
- one of largest tropical hardwood exporters (19mil m^3 in 1990), becoming vital to the national economy
- this has caused widespread deforestation (70% of forests gone) leading to habitat loss, soil erosion and flooding
- rate of logging became so great that they were going to run out in under a decade
- since 90’s, forest management plans in place with a 25 year cutting cycle
- illegal logging still occurs
Commercial Agriculture in Sarawak?
(Economic/Environmental Sustainability CS)
- rising since 1990’s -> mostly palm oil (6% of exports)
- plantations require forest clearing
- monoculture reduces biodiversity
- use of chemicals and waste causes water and soil pollution
- still rising due to demand causing continued harm
Other Industries in Sarawak? (Economic/Environmental Sustainability CS)
- since 2000, increased investment in manufacturing/construction
- these industries require power, usually coal generated
- this contributes to GG emissions
- not currently environmentally sustainable
What/Where is the Great Barrier Reef? (Sustainable tourism CS)
- largest coral reef system on Earth
- NE coast of Australia
- tourism accounts for 87% of area’s economic output
- generates over AU$5bn annually
Negative Impacts of tourism on GBR? (Sustainable tourism CS)
- coral reefs are very sensitive to pollution through waste, litter and boats
- coral can be damaged by boat anchors and careless divers
- GBR has passed a point of no return and will never fully recover
- tourists disturb wildlife e.g. seabird nests upsetting local equilibrium
- culturally and economically important area to indigenous people - this can be obstructed by tourism
- developments can damage coastal ecosystems which sustain the reef
GBRMPA steps to make tourism more sustainable?
- established a zoning system of activities to protect the most sensitive areas
- fishing permits are capped and there are strict regulations
- operators pay AU$3.50 per visitor per day to GBRMPA
- operators play a vital role in reporting damage and helping fund research to monitor decline
