World Cities

Question 1

Suburbanisation

Answer 1

the process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe.

Question 2

Urbanisation

Answer 2

increase in the proportion of a countries population living in towns and cities

Question 3

Counter-urbanisation

Answer 3

the movement of people and economic activities from large urban areas to smaller urban areas or rural areas, thereby leapfrogging the suburbs and rural-urban fringe.

Question 4

Re-urbanisation

Answer 4

movement of people and economic activities back into city centres. sometimes associated with gentrification

Question 5

Millionaire cities

Answer 5

cities with more than a million inhabitants

Question 6

Mega cities

Answer 6

cities with more than 10 million people

Question 7

World cities

Answer 7

cities of worldwide economic and/or cultural influence e.g. New York, London, Tokyo. housing the HQs of many trans-national corporations

Question 8

Gentrification

Answer 8

rehabilitation of older, centrally located, working class neighbourhoods by higher income households seeking the character and convenience of less expensive and well located residences; results in the physical renovation and upgrading of housing typically displaces many existing occupants.

Question 9

Urban decay

Answer 9

when part of a city falls into disrepair due to deindustrialisation, depopulation and high unemployment

Question 10

Favela

Answer 10

informal settlements made up of small, poorly built dwellings

Question 11

Site and service scheme

Answer 11

area of land that is close to workplaces is divided into individual plots by the authorities. Roads, water and sanitation are often provided, but new comers rent the land and build the house themselves

Question 12

Self help schemes

Answer 12

People improve their own houses after being given assurances that they will not be evicted - and are sometimes given legal ownership of the land. Tend to improve house in a piecemeal way, improving mud walls to brick, adding rooms and floors. Eventually bus operators and rubbish collectors will start services and the area changes from a poor, illegal settlement to a legal medium quality area.

Question 13

Green belts

Answer 13

areas of open space and low density land surrounding urban areas where further development was strictly controlled. created to stop urban sprawl

Question 14

Urban Development Corporation (UDC)

Answer 14

UDCs were set up in the 1980s and 1990s to take responsibility for the physical , economic and social regeneration of selected inner city areas with large amounts of vacant and derelict land

Question 15

sustainability

Answer 15

sustainability is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to do the same. it can be categorised into economic, environmental and social sustainability.

Question 16

Infrastructure

Answer 16

the basic facilities, service and installations needed for the functioning of a society or community

Question 17

City Challenge Partnerships

Answer 17

based on a system of competitive bidding by local authorities who had to develop imaginative plans involving the private sector and the local community to gain funding

Question 18

CBD - Central Business District

Answer 18

Historically, where services of all types have been clustered in the centre of a city

Question 19

Retailing

Answer 19

all the activities directly related to the sale of goods and services to the ultimate consumer for personal, non-business use.

Question 20

Push factor

Answer 20

factors that cause people to move from one area to another such as war, job losses, ethnic persecution or famine

Question 21

Pull factor

Answer 21

positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas

Question 22

Retail park

Answer 22

a shopping development situated outside a town or city, typically containing a number of large chain stores. Mall, Cribbs Causeway, Bristol

Question 23

Comparison Goods

Answer 23

goods that are expensive and bought less frequently

Question 24

Burgess model

Answer 24

an urban land use model showing five concentric zones, based upon age of houses and wealth of their inhabitants

Question 25

Hypermarket

Answer 25

a huge retail store that is a combination of a drugstore, supermarket and discount store.

Question 26

The multiplier effect

Answer 26

An effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent.

Question 27

The Donut effect

Answer 27

the city centre becomes “hollow” as population moves from inner suburbs to the outer suburbs in search of newer, larger or more affordable houses.

Question 28

Characteristics of urban decline

Answer 28

• Economic decline and dereliction in former industrial areas (Detroit).
• Loss of retailing and offices to out-of-town centres, suburban and peripheral locations.
• Diseconomies from congestion and high land costs.
• Loss of population to suburbs and beyond.
• Increasing poverty and deprivation in inner city .
• Deteriorating commercial and domestic property.
• Political under-representation and rise of the Far Right

Question 29

Causes of urban decline

Answer 29

• Closure of factories due to global shift and tertiarisation of employment.
• Increased mobility due to rise in car ownership.
• Availability of cheaper locations for business and commerce on periphery.
• Urban environments perceived as unattractive and even dangerous.
• Poorly built mid-20th century redevelopment (high-rise flats).

Question 30

Urban regeneration

Answer 30

the attempt to reverse decline by both improving the physical structure, and, the economy of those areas. In all regeneration programmes, public money is used as an attempt to pump prime private investment into an area. Gentrification, Property-led regeneration schemes, Partnership schemes

Question 31

Government waste strategy

Answer 31

• Remove waste by better design of products, e.g. using more recyclable parts in cars.
• Reduce waste by more efficient practices, e.g. use less packaging.
• Reuse materials as far as possible, e.g. Freecycle or charity shops.
• Recycle waste into new usable materials, e.g. plastics recycled into fleeces.
• Recover valuable materials or energy, e.g. glass & aluminium recovery.
• Responsibly dispose of the residue, e.g. landfill or incineration.

Question 32

Informationalisation

Answer 32

the shift from manufacturing to information economy. This has led to the new international division of labour.