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A2 Geography > Conflicts > Flashcards

Conflicts Flashcards

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1
Q

What causes conflict?

A 
Identity
Ethnicity 
Culture
Resources, including Territory
Ideology
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2
Q

Outline Identity

A

(nationalism, regonalism, localism) the threat of losing ones identity or the wish to impose ones identity on others can both lead to conflict.

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3
Q

Outline Ethnicity

A

relates specifically to conflicts of racial supremacy or genocide, where one group sees themselves as he superior, like the Hutus the Tutsis in Rwanda

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4
Q

Outline Culture

A

cultural differences can breed conflict, such as separatist debates between the UK government, the Scottish parliament and welsh assembly

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5
Q

Outline Resources, Including Territory

A

resources are often a point of contention between nations and groups. resources are necessity for them both, including ownership of Falkland islands’ oil

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6
Q

Outline Ideology

A

one of the most frequent causes of conflict between and within nations, conflict between democracy and communism in the cold war

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7
Q

What are the four main scales of conflict?

A

International, National, Regional and Local

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8
Q

Outline a international conflict

A

where two or more countries are involved in a dispute

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9
Q

Outline a national conflict

A

where conflict occurs within a country

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10
Q

Outline a regional conflict

A

where conflict occurs within a small area of a country, or across a geographical region e.g. the Basque Separatists

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11
Q

Outline a local conflict

A

small scale conflict in one particular area, for example, arguments over a proposed wind farm being built or fracking

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12
Q

What are the expressions of peaceful conflict?

A 
Protests
Boycotts
Legal action
Discussion
Petitions
Diplomatic activity
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13
Q

Examples of conflict resolution

A

Negotiation
Mediation
Diplomacy
Discussion
Debate
Use of agencies such as the United Nations
The planning process – for local conflicts

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14
Q

What are expressions of violent conflict?

A

War, terrorism (the use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce, especially for political purposes)
Insurrection (A violent uprising against an authority or government: “opposition to the new regime led to armed insurrection“ e.g. Syrian insurgents against Assad government).

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15
Q

Economic migrant

A

someone who leaves their country of origin to find work or better employment opportunities in another country

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16
Q

Refugee

A

someone who is forced to leave their home region or country, for example, because of war, persecution or natural disaster

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17
Q

Asylum seeker

A

a person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another.

18
Q

Illegal immigrant

A

someone who has entered a country without permission or stays beyond the permission granted by their visa

19
Q

Reasons for development of multicultural societies

A
  • 1946, work shortages in Europe and labour shortages in Britain
  • 1972, refugees form Uganda
  • post apartheid, over 100,000 from south Africa
  • 2004 + following EU enlargement 600,000 people have moved to the UK to find work
  • illegal immigration (Africans)
20
Q

Housing issues (multiculturalism)

A
  • initial immigrants tend to concentrate areas of poor housing and multi-occupancy is common
  • lower rates of owner-occupancy
  • more wealthy or subsequent generations of immigrants have moved to the suburbs
  • geographical segregation often apparent
21
Q

What is separatism?

A

A move by a minority group or a region of a country towards greater independence from the country it is a part of

22
Q

Reasons for separatism

A
  • An area which is economically depressed compared with a wealthier area
  • Collapse of a state that was holding political power and therefore, regions together. For example, former Yugoslavia or the former USSR
  • A minority religious, language or culture which drives the desire to be autonomous.
23
Q

Consequences of separatism

A
  • Civil war, terrorist violence, civil disobedience.
  • The growth of separate political parties and devolved power
  • The protection of a language through the media and education
  • the establishment and maintenance of societies and norms with clear separate cultural identities within a country.
24
Q

Basque Separatism

A
  • Northern Spain/Southern France want autonomous

- Basque National Party pushed for independence since 1895

25
Q

Israeli-Palestinian conflict

A

Rooted in dispute over land claimed by Jews as their biblical birthright and by the Palestinians, there is no peace settlement in sight.

26
Q

Social impacts of Israeli and Palestinian conflict

A
  • restrictions on women freedom by Hamas
  • poverty, malnutrition, unemployment
  • residents of Gaza hurt by white homophones used by the Israeli arming burning the victims skins
  • damaged homes by shelling
    injuries caused by the Israeli army
  • lack of medical facilities
  • 300,000 dead (6 day war), 950,000 total
  • 10,000 Palestinians fled from Jewish invasion to other Arab countries
27
Q

Economic impacts of Israeli and Palestinian conflict

A
  • Israel has spent $12 billion on the wars between 1989-2010
  • Palestinians banned from working in Israel, limited numbers of jobs in Gaza and west bank
  • many services can run by outside agencies (UN)
  • underground tunnels used to smuggles in goods and guns
  • only $60 million of Gaza $540 million budget is generated inside of Gaza, the rest from outside donors
  • 80% live in poverty and 35% unemployed
28
Q

Environmental impacts of Israeli and Palestinian conflict

A
  • contamination of drinking water
  • shortages of food production
  • limited access to the sea by the Israeli army
  • using new fish pond to raise fish for market
  • struggling to remove sewage and other waste material, leading to spread of disease
  • destruction of banks of Suez canal due to Egypt’s attacks with high pressure hoses
29
Q

What is the Brandt line?

A

An invisible line across spiting the right north from the poor south, between the economically developed and industrialised countries and those that are less economically developed

30
Q

How is poverty measured? Economic indicators

A
  • GNP per capita

- GDP per capita

31
Q

How is poverty measured? demographic and social indicators

A
  • Birth/Death rate
  • Infant mortality rate
  • Adult literacy
  • % of urban population
  • number of people per doctor
32
Q

How is poverty measured? Composite quality of life indicators

A
  • Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI), summaries infant mortality, life expectancy and literacy
  • Human Development Index (HDI) measures life expectancy, educational attainment and GDP per capita
33
Q

Causes of poverty

A
  • natural hazards
  • unfair trade
  • corrupt government
  • war and conflict
  • historical factors such as colonisation
  • low level of income, contributes to low level nutrition and health
  • reduction levels, low level of school enrolment
  • low levels of economic diversification
34
Q

Addressing poverty on a global scale

A
  • Millennium Development Goals, adopted by all 191 UN member states
  • setting out to deal with global security, environmental issues, human rights and poverty
35
Q

Millennium Development Goals

A

1) eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2) achieve universal primary education
3) promote gender equality and empower women
4) reduce child mortality
5) improve maternal health
6) combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
7) ensure environmental sustainability
8) develop global partnership for development

36
Q

The Spanish Civil War

A
  • the war broke out when fascist rebels loyal to general Francisco Franco took up arms against Spains socialist government. (Most Basque supported the government)
  • As a fascist, Franco believed in the unity of the state and considered separatist movements treasonous
  • he allowed German War planes to bomb Basque cities, including Guernica on April 26th 1937
37
Q

Formation of ETA

A
  • Franco won the war and the Basques continues their fight for autonomy
  • in the 1950s pro independence Basque students sought to counter Franco’s new power by farming Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
  • starting in 1968, ETA murdered security forces, politicians academics and journalists unsympathetic to their cause
  • other civilians were sometimes killed by ETA bombs
38
Q

The end of violence?

A
  • ETA remained active until the stat of the new millennium when several al-Ga’ida terrorists attacks (Spain 2004)
  • Basques and other Spaniards joined calls for ETA to end
39
Q

Local conflict: Heathrow airport

A
  • Heathrow airport is used by 90 airlines
  • they fly to 170 destinations worldwide
  • Heathrow currently serves 67 million passengers a year
  • The airport has 5 passengers terminals and a cargo terminal
40
Q

What are the plans for Heathrow airport?

A
  • A new 7,200ft runway allowing the annual number of take-offs and landings increasing by 240,000 in 2030
  • A new terminal to handle 35 million passengers a year
  • A new tunnel for the A4 to pass under taxiways between the airport and the new runway
  • The M4 slip road to the airport would have to be relocated
41
Q

Positives of a third runway

A
  • construction woud provide up to 60,000 jobs
  • operating the expanding heathrow would create up to 8000 new jobs
  • It would support the economic growth of the UK
  • the British chambers of commerce estimates the economic benefits are £20 billion for the UK economy during 2020-2080
  • Heathrow runways currently operate at 99% capacity, additional runway would reduce waiting times
42
Q

Negatives of a third runway

A
  • increased CO2 emissions from the additional flights would contribute to global warming
  • the World Development Movement has claimed that the runway would emit the same amount of CO2 per year as whole of Kenya
  • destruction of nearby communities: 400 homes and Heathrow school demolished, noise pollution

A2 Geography (11 decks)

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