Workshop 7 Mennigitis, Alzhaimers, MS

Question 1

Definitions of Septicaemia:

Answer 1

Presence of freely multiplying bacteria in the blood stream and toxins they release

Systemic illness with toxicity due to invasion of the bloodstream bacteria coming from local site of infection
Ssx include chills, fever, exhaustion and caused by bacteria and substances thry produce

Question 2

Pachymeningitis

Answer 2

Inflammation of Dura Matter
(Less Common)

Question 3

Leptomeningitis

Answer 3

inflammation in the arachnoid, subarachnoid space and pia ad very common

Question 4

Which pathogens cause meningitis?

Answer 4

Viruses

Question 5

Which Pathogens most commonly cause bacterial meningitis in neonates, teens, adults

Answer 5

Neonates: Group B stretococci & E.coli
Teens: Neisseria meningitides (=meningococcus) & Streptococcus pneumoina (pneumococcus)
Adults: Streptococcus pneumoina (pneumococcus)& Listeria monocytogenes

Question 6

Common Manifestations of Meningitis

Answer 6

Very acute onset only severe manifestations
Fever high >39deg
Meningeal Irritation ssx,
Headache (often severe), neck pain and or stiffness, vomiting and or positive Brudkzinski’s sign, Positive Kernings Signs

Question 7

Less Common Manifestations Meningitis

Answer 7

Signs indicating possible encephalits: confusion, drowsiness, lethargy and fitting
Photophobia(dislike bright light), phonophobia(unwanted hear of sound). joint mm pain, haemorrhagic rash

Question 8

Classic Triad of Mennigitis

Answer 8

Headache, Neck Stiffness and Fever

Question 9

DD’s for Meningitis:

Answer 9

Stroke, Medication-induced menningitis, Neoplasia affecting the menniges or brain, CNS vasculitis

Question 10

Define Dementia

Answer 10

A syndrome caused by the loss of cortical neurons

Question 11

Alzheimer’s Dementia

Answer 11

specific pattern of cognitive changes and structures/biological changes to secondary to the loss of loss of cortical neurons

Question 12

Which part of the CNS are neurons mostly lost in AD?

Answer 12

Frontal lobes

Question 13

Encephalitis

Answer 13

Inflammation of the Brain

Question 14

Inflammation Triggers to Meningitis

Answer 14

Infection (most Common)
Adverse Reaction to medication
Auto-Immune Disease (lupus)

Question 15

Causes of Direct Spread (Mennigiits)

Answer 15

Pathogen leaks to CSF
Anatomical Defect- Spina Bifida (Congential)
Skull Fractuce (Acquired)

Question 16

Amyloid Plaque

Answer 16

Clumps of insoluble protein fragments called beta-amyloids which accumulate to form plaques b/w nerve cells (neurons) in brain

Beta amyloids are toxic neurons, activate to the immune system and result in low grade inflammation and neural damage

Question 17

Neurofibrillary Triangle:

Answer 17

insoluble twisted fibres found in cytoplasm of neurons
Fibres have consist protein called tau which forms part of microtubules found within neurons.
Microtubules form abnormal combination of tau protein which are toxins to neuron.

Question 18

Clinical Manifestions of AD

Answer 18

COGNITIVE
Short-Term Memory Loss
Language Problems
Long Term Memory Loss
BEHAVIOURAL
Personal changes
MOOD
Aniexty, Apathy
PSYCHOLOGICAL
depression
MOTOR
Loss of Motor Skills

Question 19

DD’s for AD’s

Answer 19

Depression
Vitamin B-12 deficiency
Age-Associated Memory Impairment
Cerebrovascular Disease
Hearing or Visual Impairment

Question 20

Manifestations of MS

Answer 20

BRAINSTEAM MOTOR PATHWAYS
Ataxia
Intention Tremors
CRANIAL NERVE
Dysarthria
Eye Pain
Loss of Vision
Dysphagia
Optic Neuritis
Diplopia
SPINAL CORD SENSORY PATHWAYS
Pins/Needles
Numbness
Paraesthia
Lhermittie’s signs
CORTEX
Depression/anxiety
Poor Concentration

Question 21

DD’s for MS

Answer 21

Vitamin B12 Deficiency, Spinal cord neoplasms, Spinal cord Infarcts