Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Morphopathology > Workshop 3 - Cellular injury > Flashcards

Workshop 3 - Cellular injury Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular injury ( lesion )

A

Represents all the morphological and functional changes produced in
1.cells
2.tissues
3.organs
caused by the action of different agents ( physical , chemical, biotical )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Levels of lesions ( 4 ) :

A
  1. tissular
  2. cellular
  3. subcellular
  4. molecular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The cellular response to pathogens depends on ( 3 ) :

A
  1. type of cells
  2. duration of pathogen action
  3. intensity of pathogen action
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cell type in relation with cell division (3)

A
  1. labile cells
  2. stable cells
  3. permanent cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

labile cells

A

cells with high capacity of division

ex. basal cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

stable cells

A

cells with **low **capacity of division
or **slow regeneration **

ex. glandular parenchyma ( liver, kindey )
* bone *

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

permanent cells

A

high specialiazed with
NO capacity of division

ex. skeletal, heart, nerve cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cellular injury type in relation with **intensity **of pathogen action ( 3 )

A
  1. low intensity agent
  2. moderate intensity agent
  3. severe intesity intensity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Low intensity agent

A
  • *Acute reversible lesion **
    ex. Hydropic degeneration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Moderate intensity agent

A

**Chronic reversible lesions **

  • Adaptive reactions ( hypetrophy , hyperplasia, atrophy, involution, metaplasia )
  • Intracellular accumulation ( lipides , proteins , glycogen )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Adaptive reactions

A

moderate-intensity agents
chronic reversible lesions

  • Hypetrophy , hyperplasia
  • Atrophy , Involution
  • metaplasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

intracellular accumulations

A

moderate - intensity agent
chronic reversible lesions

  • Lipids
  • proteins
  • glycogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Severe - intensity agent

A

Leads to instant CELL DEATH

irreversible lesions : necrosis and apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Irreversible lesions ( 2 )

A
  • necrosis
  • apoptosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Injury of a cells leads to 2 things :

A
  1. degeneration ( nonlethal )
  2. necrosis ( lethal )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Non lethal injury

A

**Cell degeneration **

Is reversible but may progress to –> *Necrosis *
* when is associated with adnormal cells fuction –> cell degeneration can cause clinical disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Lethal injury

A

**NECROSIS **

biochemical and structural changes : irreversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Types of cellular lesions
( intracellular )

A
  • Acute reversible : hydropic degeneration
  • Irreversible : necrosis , apoptosis
  • Chronic reversible :
    1. Adaptation of cell growth and differentiation
    2. Intracellular accumulation : of lipis , proteins , glycogen
    3. Intracellular accumulation of pigments
    4. Injury caused by abnormalities in calcium metabolism ( *pathological calcification : *dystrophic , metastatic )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Acute reversible intracellular lesion

A

hydropic degeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Irreversible intracellular lesion

A

necrosis, apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Chronic reversible ( intracellular lesion ) ( 4 )

A
  1. Adaptation of cell growth and differentiation
  2. Intracellular accumulation : of lipis , proteins , glycogen
  3. Intracellular accumulation of pigments
  4. Injury caused by abnormalities in calcium metabolism ( pathological calcification : dystrophic , metastatic )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Types of extracellular lesions

A
  • hyalinosis
  • amyloidosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hydropic degeneration
( edema )
definition , cause , organs

A

Acute reversible cell injury
caused by various pathogens : ( anoxia , toxins, viruses )
Its the *FIRST *manifistation of all lessions that appear in almost all cell types of aggression , of LOW intensity

Ex. Hydropic degeneration of LIVER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hydropic degeneration
pathogenesis

A
  • alteration of Na-K pump at the level of cell membrane
  • cells can no longer maintain hydro-ionic balance
  • sodium ( Na ) and water ENTER the cell
  • Potassium ( K ) EXITS the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Hydrotropic degeneration

( morphology )

A

**cell hyperhydration
cellular edema **
ex. parenchymal cells ( liver , kidneys etc )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Hydropic Degeneration

( macroscopically )

A

The affected organ is :

  • increased in Volume
  • **pale **
  • **friable **
  • ** **appearance of **boiled meat **( cloudy swelling )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Hydropic degeneration

( microscopically )

A
  • Cell : cell ballooning, increased cell volume
  • Capillaries : Compressed ( pale organ )
  • Nucleus : normal, central
  • Cytoplasm appearance varies :
    1. fine vacuolisation ( vacuolar degeneration )
    2. completely unstained ( clear degeneration )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Necrosis

( definition )

A

Is an irreversible cellular change
represent all nucleo-cytoplasmatic changes that follow cellular death in living tissue or organ

can :
directly
follow cell degeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Necrosis
processes that lead to necrosis ( 2 )

A
  • **coagulative necrosis **
  • denaturation of cytoplasm protein
  • fragmentation of cell organelles
  • cell swelling
  • **Lysis necrosis **
    cause by enzymes that are :
  • derived either from death cell lysosomes ( autolysis )
    -immigrants neutrophil lysosomes ( heterolysis )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What means Coagulative necrosis ? ( 3 )

A
  • denaturation of cytoplasm protein
  • fragmentation of cell organelles
  • cell **swelling **
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is lysis caused by ?

A

cause by enzymes that are :

  • derived either from death cell lysosomes ( autolysis )
  • immigrants neutrophil lysosomes (** heterolysis** )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

whats autolysis?

A

Lysis caused by enzymes that are derived from death cell lysosomes

33
Q

whats heterolysis?

A

lysis caused by immigrant neutrophil lysosomes

34
Q

Necrosis

Cytoplasm changes

A

About 6h after the cell undergoes necrosis

  • its cytoplasm becomes homogenous and acidophilic

( due to:

  1. denaturation of cytoplasm proteins
  2. loss of ribosomes )
  • then we have cytoplasm vacuolation

( caused by :

  1. swelling of mitochondria
  2. disruption of organelle membranes )
  • then we have autolysis
    ( enzymatic digestion of cell by enzymes released by own lysosomes )
    *
35
Q

In necrosis :

what makes the cytoplasm to be homogenous and acidophilic?

A
  1. denaturation of cytoplasm proteins
  2. loss of ribosomes
36
Q

In necrosis :

what causes cytoplasm vacuolation?

A
  1. swelling of mitochondria
  2. disruption of organelle membranes
37
Q

Necrosis

nuclear changes ( 3 )

A

occur in 3 steps :

  1. Pyknosis
    nucleus becomes shrunken , dense, basophilic
  2. Karryorrhexis
    pyknotic nucleus breaks up into numerous small basophilic particles
  3. Karyolysis
    lysis as a result of the action of lysosomal deoxyribonucleases
38
Q

Necrosis

nuclear changes : pyknosis

A

nucleus becomes :

  • shrunken
  • dense
  • basophilic
39
Q

Necrosis

nuclear changes : Karryorhexis

A

pyknotic nucleus breaks up into numerous small basophilic particles

40
Q

necrosis

nuclear changes : Karyolysis

A

lysis results of the action of
lysosomal deoxyribunocleases

41
Q

necrosis

how are the ( necrotic ) cells?

A

initially :

  • intensely eosinophilic
    ( due to loss of cytoplasm RNA content )
  • vacuolated
    ( due to enzyme digestion of cytoplasm organelles )
42
Q

necrosis

why are the necrotic cells initially eosinophilic?

A

due to loss of cytoplasm RNA content

43
Q

necrosis

why are the necrotic cells vacuolated?

A

due to enzyme digestion of cytoplasm organelles

44
Q

Necrosis

TYPES ( 6 )

A
  • **Coagulation **
    ( kidney, heart )
  • **Liquefaction **
    ( brain, pus formation )
  • Hemorrhagic
    ( lung )
  • **Caseous **
    ( tuberculosis )
  • Fat
    ( acute pancreatitis )
  • Gangrenous
    ( dry, wet )
45
Q

coagulative necrosis

what is it? how does it look like? examples.

A

Is a type of necrosis in with the necrotic cells retain its cellular outline for several days

Occurs in solid organs :
1. kidney
2. heart
3. adrenal gland

Result of : deficient blood supply , anoxia

Cell apperance :
devoid of its nucleus , appears as a mass :

  • coagulated
  • pink staining
  • homogenous cytoplasm
46
Q

coagulative necrosis

kidney : renal infraction
macroscopically

A
  • pale
  • firm
  • distinct limits

on cut section : the infracted zone appears as a triangular pale white area

47
Q

Coagulative necrosis

heart ( myocardial infraction )

microscopically

A
  • nucleus :
  • *disappearance**
  • cytoplasm :
    1. hypereosinophilic
    2. homogenous
48
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

results from?
examples

A

Results when lysosomal enzymes released by necrotic cells cause rapid liquefaction

examples :
1. brain ( following ischemia )
2. pus formation

49
Q

Hemorrhagic necrosis

what form is it? organs ?

A

hemorrhagic necrosis is a form of ischemic necrosis

occurs in organs with :

  • loose structure
  • double circulation

results in the:
infiltration of necrosis with blood

examples :
Lungs

50
Q

hemorrhagic necrosis

Red pulmonary infraction
macroscopically

A

the necrotic zone has a red colour
because of the entrance of blood cells in the territory of necrosis

51
Q

Caseous necrosis

what form is it? appearance? examples

A

Is a form of coagulative necrosis produced by immune mechanism

appearance :
whitish-creamy / cheesy

examples :
_Tuberculous inflammation ( ex kidney )_
52
Q

caseous necrosis

kidney : renal tuberculosis
macroscopically

A

in caseous necrotic area the structure of the kidney is completely destroyed
and
replaced by cheesy material

53
Q

Fat necrosis / enzymatic necrosis

cause of necrosis?
appearance
example

A

Occurs in acute pancreatitis
when pancreatic enzymes are liberated from the
duct into the surrounding tissue

appearance:

opaque chalky white plaques
in the adipose tissue surrounding the pancreas
( cloudy white )

example
Pancreas

54
Q

Gangrenous necrosis / gangrene

form ?
cause?
types?

A

Is a form of coagulative necrosis of lower limbs

Types :

  • dry gangrene
    (which lost blood circulation)
  • wet gangrene
    (due to bacterial infection)
55
Q

Cause of DRY gangrene

A

lower limbs which lost blood circulation

56
Q

Cause of WET gangrene

A

over added bacterial infection

coagulation necrosis is modified by liquafactive
action of neutrophils

57
Q

which types of necrosis can be consindered as coagulative ?

A
  • coagulation necrosis
  • caseous necrosis
  • gangrenous necrosis
58
Q

Chronic reversible
(cellular adaptation)
definition

A

adapting cells reactions are adaptations
of cell growth and differentation
in various physiological and pathological
conditions

59
Q

Cellular adaptive reactions

Types

A

1. Changes in cell size

  • **atrophy **
    ( reducing of cell size )
  • **hypertrophy **
    ( increasing of cell size )

_2. Changes in cell number _

  • Involution
    ( decreasing in cell number )
  • Hyperplasia
    ( increasing in cell number )

_3. Changes in cell differantiation _

  • **Metaplasia **
    (changing of mature cell
    to another mature cell type)
60
Q

Atrophy

definition

A

Atrophy is an adapative cell response characterized by reducing in size of tissue or organ
by decreasing in SIZE of cell components

61
Q

Whats the difference of atrophy and

  1. agenesis
  2. aplasia
  3. hypoplasia?
A

Agenesis, aplasia and hypoplasia are abnormalities of
organ development

while atrophy is a decrease in size
of normally formed organ

62
Q

Atrophy

Macroscopically
Microscopically

A

Macroscopically Organ :

  • smaller than normal in size
  • tan / brown appearance

Microscopically Cell

  • Reduced size
  • less organelles
  • many residual bodies
63
Q

Atrophy
Causes

A

causes :

  1. decrease in blood supply ( ischemia )
  2. lack of nutrients ( malnutrition )
  3. prolonged **tissue compresion **
  4. tissue denervation
  5. loss of trophic hormones
64
Q

Atrophy Types

A
  • **Physiological **
    ( during body development )
  • Pathological
    1. Ischemic atrophy
    2. pressure atrophy
    -hydrocephalia
    -hydronephrosis
65
Q

Athrophy - Physiological

A

Occurs during body development:

  • fetal life
  • postnatal life
    ( ex. thymus in adolescence )
  • Adult life
    1.myometrium atrophy
    ( reduced endocrine secretion )
    2.generalized senile atrophy elderly
    ( lack of functional activity and endocrine secretion )
66
Q

Physiological atrophy in adult life

A

1.myometrium atrophy
( reduced endocrine secretion )
2.generalized senile atrophy elderly
( lack of functional activity and endocrine secretion )

67
Q

Pathological atrophy

A
  • Ischemic atrophy
  • Pressure atrophy
  • hydrocephalia
  • hydronephrosis
68
Q

Ischemic atrophy

definition, cause, examples

A

pathological type of atrophy

A decrease in blood supply ( ischemia ) to a tissue
as a result of arterial disease

examples
1.Atrophy of kidney
2.Renal parenchyma:(benign nephroangiosclerosis)
3.Heart: ( myocardial ischemic fibrosis )
All in hypertension

69
Q

Pressure atrophy
definition, cause, examples

A

Pathological atrophy is caused by
prolonged compression of tissue

( can also be there is compression of small vessels which leads to ischemia and not directly compression of the cells )

examples ( pseudohypertrophy )

  • Hydrocephalia
  • hydronephrosis
70
Q

Pseudohypertrophy

A
  • **Hydrocephalia **
  • **hydronephrosis **

the involved organs have a phalse hypertrophied appearance

71
Q

Hydrocephalia
what is it? causes?

A

pressure atrophy - pseudohypertrophy

abnormal accumulation of CSF in ventricles
with atrophy of cerebral parenchyma

Cause :
Obstruction of normal drainage of CSF
by tumor of coroid plexus

72
Q

Hydronephrosis
what is it? causes?

A

pressure atrophy - pseudohypertrophy

​Dilation of renal pelvis and calices
with secondary atrophy of renal parenchyma

Cause :
urine stasis
due to obstruction of urine flow

73
Q

Hypertophy
what is it?
what increased amounts does it have?
causes?
examples

A

Cellular adaptive reaction
Increasing in cell SIZE or tissue,
by increasing the cell components

cells : permanent

increases amounts of :
cytoplasm
cytoplasm organelles in cells

causes :

  1. functional over demand
  2. intense endocrine stimulus

examples
concentric hypertophy of left ventricle in hypertension

74
Q

Hyperplasia

definition , causes
examples

A

Cell adaptive reaction
Increase size of tissue or organ
by increasing of **CELL NUMBER **

cells : labile , stable

the cells of the tissue are stimulated to undergo
mitotic divition

Causes :

  1. growth factor in excess
  2. hormonal stimulation in excess

examples
1.hyperplasia of mammary gland
2.hyperplasia of myometrium
3.hyperplasia of prostate

75
Q

Hyperplasia
Types

A

physiological

and

pathological
( hyperplasia of prostate by hormonal stimulation )

( hyperplasia of mammary gland and myometrium during pregnancy )

76
Q

Concentric hypertrophy of left ventricle

A

Is an adaptive heart reaction in systemic hypertension

77
Q

Concentric hypertrophy of left ventricle
macroscopic

A

macroscopic :

  • Thickness of left ventricle

( 3 cm , normally 1.5cm )

  • ventricular cavity reduced
78
Q

Concentric hypertrophy of left ventricle
microscopic

A

Microscopic:
hypertrophy of myocardial fibers

  • diameter of myocardial cells : increased
  • nuclei :
    1. enlarged
    2. hyperchromatic
    3. irregular borders
79
Q

Muscular hypertrophy of urinary bladder wall
in prostate hyperplasia

cause? consequences ?

A

caused by obstruction of prostate urethra
can lead to 2 things:

  1. hypertrophy of bladder wall
    ( incomplete obstruction )
  2. severe atrophy of bladder wall
    ( complete obstruction )

Morphopathology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions