Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A// Chemistry > Working With Medicine > Flashcards

Working With Medicine Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

Alcohols

A

-OH

Ethanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Aldehydes

A

-CHO

Propanal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ketones

A

COR’

Propanone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Carboxylic acid

A

-COOH

Ethanoic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Acid anhydrides

A

(CO)2O

Ethanoic anhydride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Esters

A

-COO-

Ethyl methanoate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ethers

A

-O-

Methoxyethane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Primary. Alcohol

A

The carbon that the OH is bonds with 1 carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Secondary alcohol

A

The carbon that the OH is bonded to, bonds with two other carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Tertiary alcohol

A

The carbon that the OH is bonded to bonds with 3 other carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Primary alcohols are oxidised to

A

Aldehydes and then carboxylic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Secondary alcohols are oxidised

A

To keytones only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Tertiary alcohols aren’t

A

Oxidised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What oxidising agent is used to oxidise alcohols to carbonyl compounds and carboxylic acids

A

Acidified potassium dichromate(VI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Primary alcohols form a carboxylic acid when under

A

Reflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

If you hate ethanol and potassium dichromate solution and sulphuric acid in a flask it produces

A

Ethanal which is an aldehyde

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

To just get an aldehyde you need to use

A

Distillation apparatus because the aldehyde boils at a lower temperature than the alcohol and evaporates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

To produce a carboxylic acid the alcohol has to be vigourously

A

Oxidised so it is mixed with excess oxidising agent and heated under reflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Heating under reflex means

A

Increasing the temperature of an organic reaction to boiling point without losing volatile solvents, reactants or products
The vaporise compounds are cooled so that they can condense and drip back into the reaction mixture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

To form a ketone from a secondary alcohol you must

A

Heat under reflux With acidified dichromate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

You can make ethene by

A

Eliminating water from ethanol in a dehydration reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Dehydrating alcohols to form alkenes

A

Ethanol vapour is passed over a hot catalyst of aluminium oxide
Or You could reflex ethanol with excess concentrated sulphuric acid at 170° C the gas is then collected over water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Concentrated sulphuric acid acts as a dehydrating agent in the elimination reaction it does this by

A

The hydroxyl group will bond to the H+ ions So the alcohol is protonated giving the oxygen atom a positive charge. The positively charged oxygen will pull electrons away from the neighbouring carbon creating an unstable carbocation intermediate this then loses H+ And the alkene is formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

To form an ester you

A

Heat carboxylic acid with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst (an esterfication reaction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Examples of acid catalyst

A

Concentrated sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Carboxylic acid + alcohol ->

A

Ester + water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Acid anhydride + alcohol ->

A

Ester + carboxylic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Alcohols React with halide ions in a

A

Substitution reaction

29
Q

The halide ions Replace the hydroxyl group in the alcohol to form a

A

Haloalkane

30
Q

To make a haloalkane you must

A

Shake the alcohol with hydrochloric acid

31
Q

Phenols have

A

Benzene rings with 0H groups attached

32
Q

Phenols have a formula of

A

C6H5OH

33
Q

How to test for phenols

A

Add neutral iron (III) Chloride solution and shake if you get a purple solution it is a phenol

34
Q

Phenols dissolve in water to form

A

Phenoxide ion and a H+ ion

35
Q

Phenols react with alkalis to produce a

A

Salt And water

36
Q

Phenols don’t react with

A

Carbonate solutions as the carbonate is not a strong enough base to remove the hydrogen ion from the phenol

37
Q

Phenols react with

A

Alkalis and carbonates Giving off CO2 gas

38
Q

Phenols react with acid anhydrides to form

A

An Ester and a carboxylic acid

39
Q

Phenols don’t react with

A

Carboxylic acid to form an ester

40
Q

When refluxing you have

A

Around bottom flask with Anti- bumping granules in. A vertical Liebig condenser where water goes in and out. And you heat it using a water bath

41
Q

The vertical Liebig condenser causes a solution

A

To continuously boil evaporate and then condense back into the flask giving it time to react

42
Q

Distillation separates

A

Substances with different boiling points

43
Q

For distillation you have

A

A reaction mixture in a flask with a thermometer in it and a condenser which has water going in and out in a horizontal way. The mixture is heated up and comes out of the condenser as a pure product into a flask

44
Q

After distillation the product will still contain

A

Impurities

45
Q

Volatile liquids can be purified by

A

Re-distillation

46
Q

Separation techniques removes

A

Any water-soluble impurities from the product

47
Q

To separate products

A

Remove products that are in soluble in water, then using a separating funnel add water and shake. The organic layer is less dense than the aqueous layer so should float on top and any impurities will have dissolved in the lower aqueous layer. Open the stopper on the funnel and remove the aqueous layer So the product is in the funnel

48
Q

Remove water from the purified product by

A

Drying it using anhydrous salt as it is a drying agent, then filter the mixture to remove the solid drying agent

49
Q

Anhydrous salt works bye

A

The drying agent binding to any water present to become hydrated

50
Q

Filtration is used to

A

Isolate solid organic products

51
Q

Filtration

A

Pour the mixture into a Büchner funnel with filter paper. Below the funnel there should be a sealed side arm flask attached to a vacuum line. The solid will collect in the filter paper

52
Q

A sealed side arm flask attached to a vacuum line helps

A

Reduce the pressure inside the flask and will force the liquid through the funnel leaving the solid product on the filterpaper

53
Q

Organic solids can be purified by

A

Recrystallisation

54
Q

Recrystallisation is done by

A

Adding hot solvent to the impure solid until it dissolves, they should give a saturated solution of the impure product. Leave to cool and the crystals of the product will form, the impurities stay in the solution and to remove the crystals use filtration, wash them and then dry them

55
Q

When recrystallising the solid must be very soluble

A

In The hot solvent, but nearly Insoluble when the solvent is cold

56
Q

If your product is too soluble in the cold solvent most of it will stay in the solution even after cooling. when you filter it you’ll

A

Lose most of the product giving you a low yield

57
Q

Melting point can be used to determine

A

Purity

58
Q

To use a melting point apparatus to determine the melting point of organic solid you

A

Put a sample into the glass capillaries and place it inside the heating element. Increase the temperature until the sample turns from a solid to liquid. You can then look at the melting point of a substance in the data box and compare it to your measurements

59
Q

Impurities in samples will lower

A

The melting point and hence increase the melting range

60
Q

Thin-layer chromatography separates

A

Mixtures

61
Q

Thin-layer chromatography stages

A

Stationary phase
Mobile phase
Solvent travels up the plate
A chromatogram shows where the chemicals are

62
Q

In the stationary phase a

A

Thin layer of silica is fixed to a glass or metal plate. A line and pencil is drawn at the bottom of the plate and small drops of each mixture are placed on the baseline

63
Q

In the mobile phase The plate is in a beaker with

A

Solvent below the baseline but touching the plate. The solvent moves up the plate. Then take it out of the solvent and mark the solvent front line

64
Q

A chromatograms shows the

A

Positions of the chemicals which allows you to identify what the chemicals are

65
Q

If chemicals in the mixture are coloured then there will be

A

Several coloured dots on the same line

66
Q

Fluorescent dye and iodine vapour are used as

A

Locating agents to show where the chemicals are

67
Q

Chromatography can be used to purify substances this is done by using a

A

Glass column packed with silica, you then pull your mixture into the column and run the solvent they were continually. The different chemicals in the mix to move down the column at different rates so they come out at different times

68
Q

Rf value =

A

Distance travelled by spot/distance travelled by solvent

69
Q

Chemical industries are more sustainable as they use

A

Renewable resources, they insure all chemicals and processes involved are safe, and they make sure that waste is minimised and products are biodegradable or recyclable

A// Chemistry (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions