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A// Chemistry > Ozone > Flashcards

Ozone Flashcards

1
Q

Giant molecular structures have a huge network of

A

Covalently bonded atoms which is sometimes called macromolecular structures

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2
Q

Two examples of substances with macromolecular structures

A

Diamond and silicone oxide

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3
Q

Carbon and silicone conform macromolecular structures because

A

They each form four strong covalent bonds

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4
Q

Diamond is extremely

A

Hard

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5
Q

In diamond vibrations travel

A

Easily through the stiff lattice so it is a good thermal conductor

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6
Q

Diamond can’t

A

Conduct electricity

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7
Q

Diamond won’t

A

Dissolve in any solvent

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8
Q

Diamond has a very high

A

Melting point and sublimes at over 3800 Kelvin

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9
Q

Diamond and silicone oxide have a… Structure

A

Tetrahedral

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10
Q

Silicon dioxide is found as

A

Quartz or sand

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11
Q

Silicone dioxide is

A

Hard, has a high melting point and is insoluble due to its covalent bonds

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12
Q

Silicone dioxide Doesn’t

A

Conduct electricity As all of its bonding electrons are used for making covalent bonds

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13
Q

CO2 and SIO2 are in the same group of the periodic table but have different

A

Structures- co2 forms a double bond where as SiO2 forms a giant lattice and the silicon atom forms single bonds with 4 oxygen atoms

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14
Q

CO2 is what at room temperature

A

A gas

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15
Q

Why are you CO2 a gas at room temperature

A

The molecules are nonpolar so the only forces holding them together a week instantaneous dipole – induced dipole forces

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16
Q

Carbon dioxide will

A

Dissolve in water

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17
Q

For reaction to take place the conditions must be that the particles

A

Collide in the right direction so they need to be facing each other the right way and they collide with at least a minimum amount of kinetic energy

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18
Q

Collision theory

A

That particles collide in the right direction and for them to collide they must have a minimum amount of activation energy

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19
Q

Activation energy

A

The minimum Amount of kinetic energy particles need to react to break the bonds to start the reaction

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20
Q

Reactions with low activation enthalpies often happen

A

Easily

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21
Q

Enthalpy profile diagrams

A

Do you have the reactants and products and a curve upwards between them showing the activation enthalpy

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22
Q

Maxwell Boltzmann distribution

A

A graph of the numbers of molecules in a gas with different kinetic energy, it has a curve that starts at zero which goes up as most molecules move at a moderate speed this then decreases as some molecules have more than the activation enthalpy

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23
Q

Some molecules have more than the activation enthalpy these are the only ones that can

A

React this is shown by the Maxwell Boltzmann distribution

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24
Q

If you increase the temperature the particles will have more

A

Kinetic energy and will move faster so a greater proportion of the molecules will have the activation energy and will be able to react

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25
Q

When the temperature increases the Maxwell Boltzmann distribution curve moves to the

A

Right

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26
Q

Increasing the concentration of reactants in a solution that means the particles are

A

Closer together so they will collide more often more collisions mean more chance to react

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27
Q

Increasing the pressure of the gas works as the particles are close together

A

So they collide more often and have more chance to react

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28
Q

A crushed up lump has a bigger surface area so

A

More particles can come into contact with the reactants which leads to a faster reaction

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29
Q

Catalyst can speed up reactions as they lower

A

The activation enthalpy by providing a different way for the bonds to be broken and remade

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30
Q

If the activation of therapy is lower more particles

A

Will have enough enthalpy to react

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31
Q

Homogenous catalyst are in the

A

Same state as the reactants

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32
Q

A catalyst works by

A

Providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation enthalpy, the catalyst is chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction

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33
Q

Heterogeneous catalysts are in

A

Different states to the reactants

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34
Q

An example of a homogenous catalyst is

A

Enzymes which catalyse reactions in your body cells (everything is aqueous)

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35
Q

Homogeneous catalyst works by forming

A

An intermediate compound with the reactants, the products are then formed from the intermediate compounds, the catalyst is reformed again and carried on catalysing the reaction

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36
Q

The activation enthalpy needed to form the intermediate is

A

Lower than that needed to make the products directly from the reactants

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37
Q

The enthalpy profile of a homogenous catalyst reaction has

A

Two bumps between the reactants and products the bottom of the bump is where the intermediate is formed

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38
Q

As the reactants get used up the forward reaction

A

Slows down and as there is more product the reverse reaction speeds up

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39
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

Is the weather forwards and backwards reaction are happening at the same rate
This only occurs in a closed system

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40
Q

If there is a change in concentration pressure or temperature the equilibrium

A

Will move to help counteract the change

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41
Q

Catalyst have no affect

A

On the position of equilibrium As they can’t increase the yield but they can make equilibrium get reached faster

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42
Q

If you increase the concentration The equilibrium moves to

A

The opposite side

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43
Q

If you increase the pressure the equilibrium moves to the side

A

With the fewest gas molecules

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44
Q

If you increase the temperature that equilibrium moves to the

A

Endothermic reaction (🔺 + )

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45
Q

If you decrease the temperature the equilibrium moves to the

A

Exothermic reaction (🔺h -)

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46
Q

If you decrease the pressure the equilibrium shift to

A

The side with a most. Gas molecules

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47
Q

How much nitrogen is there in the atmosphere

A

78%

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48
Q

How much oxygen is there in the atmosphere

A

21%

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49
Q

How much argon is there in the atmosphere

A

1%

50
Q

How much carbon dioxide is there in the atmosphere

A

0.035%

51
Q

To get from a percentage to parts per million you

A

X 10,000

52
Q

The Sun gives out

A

Electromagnetic radiation

53
Q

Electromagnetic radiation is energy that

A

Is transmitted as waves with a spectrum of different frequencies

54
Q

The sons main radiations in order

A

Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, Visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays

55
Q

Which type of radiation has the smallest frequency and energy

A

Radio waves

56
Q

Which type of radiation has the highest frequency and energy

A

Gamma rays

57
Q

The Earth emits Much lower

A

Frequency radiation from the sun because it is cooler

58
Q

The earths surface absorbs

A

Radiation from the sun and is warmed it then reemits radiation (infrared)

59
Q

Only molecules made of different atoms can absorb

A

Infrared radiation because the polarities of their bonds change as they vibrate

60
Q

Infrared radiation makes some bonds

A

Vibrate more

61
Q

Greenhouse gases are

A

Gases that absorb infrared radiation and hence they stop some of the radiation emitted by the air from escaping into space

62
Q

Gas molecules have fixed vibrational energy levels or quantised levels so

A

Upon the energy can only jump from one level to another

63
Q

Different molecules absorb

A

Different frequencies of radiation

64
Q

When ultraviolet radiation or visible light hit a molecule of gas the electrons can

A

Absorb the energy and jump up to the next energy levels because this energy is quantised Only specific frequencies are absorbed

65
Q

If enough energy is absorbed bonds

A

Break and form free radicals

66
Q

Energy (J)=

A

Frequency (Hz) x Plancks constant

67
Q

What type of radiation is absorbed by atmospheric gases

A

UV and infrared- some of it is also reflected back into space from clouds

68
Q

What energy usually reaches the Earth surface

A

Visible light and UV

69
Q

The Earth radiates energy back towards space as

A

Infrared radiation

70
Q

Gases in the troposphere observe other infrared radiation and

A

Re emit it in all directions

71
Q

The greenhouse effect is

A

The absorption and readmission of heat by greenhouse gases

72
Q

The main greenhouse gases are

A

Water vapour, carbon dioxide and methane

73
Q

Greenhouse gases molecules

A

Absorb infrared radiation to make the bonds in the molecules vibrate more

74
Q

The contribution to greenhouse gases depends on how much

A

Radiation one molecule of gas absorbs and how much of that gas there is in the atmosphere

75
Q

Human impact on global warming

A

Burning fossil feels and deforestation and A rise in population and more cows needed close arise in the greenhouse gas concentrations

76
Q

Human activities cause a rise in greenhouse gas concentrations which enhances the greenhouse effect since less

A

Infrared light can escape so the Earth becomes warmer this leads to global warming sea levels rising and climate change

77
Q

Significant global cooling is caused bye

A

Volcanic eruptions or meteor impacts

78
Q

Seawater has become more

A

Acidic as more carbon dioxide dissolves in the water

79
Q

Mass spectrometry is used to analyse the composition of air trapped inside

A

The ice in polar regions to see how the atmosphere has changed

80
Q

To reduce carbon dioxide emissions scientists are

A

Developing alternative fuels, trying to Increased photosynthesis by growing more phytoplankton and using carbon capture and storage

81
Q

Carbon capture and storage. Is removing waste CO2 and

A

Injecting it as a liquid into the deep ocean or store and get under pressure deep underground or reacting it with a metal oxide to form stable carbonate minerals (easy storage)

82
Q

Heterolytic fission is where

A

Two different substances are formed – a positively charged cation and a negatively charged anion

83
Q

Homolytic fission is where

A

To electrically charged radicals are formed And because of the unpaired electron these radicals are very reactive

84
Q

Radicals are

A

Particles that have unpaired electron this makes them very reactive

85
Q

A double headed arrow shows

A

A pair of electrons moving

86
Q

A single headed arrow shows

A

The movement of a single electron

87
Q

Halogens react with alkanes in

A

Photochemical reactions which are started by ultraviolet light

88
Q

When a halogen reacts with alkenes a new hydrogen atom is substituted to form a

A

Free radical substitution reaction

89
Q

A free radical substitution reaction has three stages

A

Initiation, propagation and termination

90
Q

Initiation reactions

A

Free radicals are produced
The bond split equally and each atom gets to keep one electron by homolytic fission, the atom becomes a highly reactive free radical because of its unpaired electron

91
Q

Propagation reactions

A

Free radicals are used up and created in a chain reaction

92
Q

Termination reactions

A

Free radicals are used up

2 free radicals join together to make a stable molecule

93
Q

UV radiation can break carbon hydrogen bonds

A

The carbon – iodine bond is most likely to break

The carbon – fluorine bond is least likely to break as it has the highest bond enthalpy

94
Q

CFCs are made

A

By replacing the hydrogen atoms in alkanes with chlorine and fluoride so they are halogenoalkanes

95
Q

CFCs are

A

Unreactive, nonflammable and harmless

96
Q

CFCs are useful for

A

Fire extinguishers aerosols and coolant gas in fridges and polystyrene

97
Q

CFCs helped create

A

Holes in the ozone layer

98
Q

Montréal protocol of 1989

A

And international treaty to phase out the use of CFCs

99
Q

Alternatives to CFCs

A

HCFCs and hydrocarbons

100
Q

Problems with HCFCs

A

They are broken down in the atmosphere and a greenhouse gases

101
Q

Most aerosols are now

A

Pump spray systems or use nitrogen as the propellant

102
Q

Fridges now use

A

Ammonia as the coolant gas

103
Q

Ozone is formed when

A

UV radiation from the sun hits oxygen molecules

104
Q

When UV radiation is absorbed by an oxygen molecule the oxygen molecule

A

Splits into separate atoms of free radicals this free radical then combines With other oxygen molecules to form ozone molecules O3

105
Q

O2 +hv ->

A

O. + O. -> O2+ O. -> O3

106
Q

O3 + hv ->

A

O2 + O.

107
Q

The ozone layer is continuously

A

Being destroyed and replaced as UV radiation hits the molecules, it is at equilibrium

108
Q

The ozone layer removes

A

UVC radiation and UVB radiation which are harmful to humans

109
Q

UVB and UVA can cause damage to the

A

DNA in cells and cause skin cancer and sunburn

110
Q

UV is essential for humans as we need it for

A

Vitamin D

111
Q

The ozone layer over the attic has been found to be

A

Thinning, These holes in the ozone layer are bad because they allow more harmful UV radiation to reach Earth

112
Q

Scientists found evidence to the thinning of the ozone layer by

A

Antarctic expeditions, high altitude flights, satellite data

113
Q

CFCs a free radicals that are

A

Catalysts, they react with the ozone to form an intermediate and an oxygen molecule

114
Q

CCl3F ->

A

CCl2F. + Cl.

115
Q

Cl. + O3 ->

A

O2 + ClO.

116
Q

ClO. + O3 ->

A

2O2 + Cl.

117
Q

2O3 ->

A

3O2 (and Cl. Is the catalyst)

118
Q

Nitrogen oxides also

A

Destroy the ozone layer

119
Q

Ozone occurs in the troposphere because

A

The effect of sunlight on mixtures of nitrogen dioxide and hydrocarbons

120
Q

In heavy industrialise areas the ozone mixes with solid particles of carbon causing

A

Photochemical smog

121
Q

Ozone is toxic

A

To humans and can affect the lungs and trigger asthma attacks

A// Chemistry (5 decks)

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