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A// Chemistry > Ozone > Flashcards

Ozone Flashcards

1
Q

Giant molecular structures have a huge network of

A

Covalently bonded atoms which is sometimes called macromolecular structures

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2
Q

Two examples of substances with macromolecular structures

A

Diamond and silicone oxide

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3
Q

Carbon and silicone conform macromolecular structures because

A

They each form four strong covalent bonds

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4
Q

Diamond is extremely

A

Hard

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5
Q

In diamond vibrations travel

A

Easily through the stiff lattice so it is a good thermal conductor

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6
Q

Diamond can’t

A

Conduct electricity

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7
Q

Diamond won’t

A

Dissolve in any solvent

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8
Q

Diamond has a very high

A

Melting point and sublimes at over 3800 Kelvin

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9
Q

Diamond and silicone oxide have a… Structure

A

Tetrahedral

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10
Q

Silicon dioxide is found as

A

Quartz or sand

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11
Q

Silicone dioxide is

A

Hard, has a high melting point and is insoluble due to its covalent bonds

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12
Q

Silicone dioxide Doesn’t

A

Conduct electricity As all of its bonding electrons are used for making covalent bonds

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13
Q

CO2 and SIO2 are in the same group of the periodic table but have different

A

Structures- co2 forms a double bond where as SiO2 forms a giant lattice and the silicon atom forms single bonds with 4 oxygen atoms

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14
Q

CO2 is what at room temperature

A

A gas

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15
Q

Why are you CO2 a gas at room temperature

A

The molecules are nonpolar so the only forces holding them together a week instantaneous dipole – induced dipole forces

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16
Q

Carbon dioxide will

A

Dissolve in water

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17
Q

For reaction to take place the conditions must be that the particles

A

Collide in the right direction so they need to be facing each other the right way and they collide with at least a minimum amount of kinetic energy

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18
Q

Collision theory

A

That particles collide in the right direction and for them to collide they must have a minimum amount of activation energy

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19
Q

Activation energy

A

The minimum Amount of kinetic energy particles need to react to break the bonds to start the reaction

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20
Q

Reactions with low activation enthalpies often happen

A

Easily

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21
Q

Enthalpy profile diagrams

A

Do you have the reactants and products and a curve upwards between them showing the activation enthalpy

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22
Q

Maxwell Boltzmann distribution

A

A graph of the numbers of molecules in a gas with different kinetic energy, it has a curve that starts at zero which goes up as most molecules move at a moderate speed this then decreases as some molecules have more than the activation enthalpy

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23
Q

Some molecules have more than the activation enthalpy these are the only ones that can

A

React this is shown by the Maxwell Boltzmann distribution

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24
Q

If you increase the temperature the particles will have more

A

Kinetic energy and will move faster so a greater proportion of the molecules will have the activation energy and will be able to react

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25
When the temperature increases the Maxwell Boltzmann distribution curve moves to the
Right
26
Increasing the concentration of reactants in a solution that means the particles are
Closer together so they will collide more often more collisions mean more chance to react
27
Increasing the pressure of the gas works as the particles are close together
So they collide more often and have more chance to react
28
A crushed up lump has a bigger surface area so
More particles can come into contact with the reactants which leads to a faster reaction
29
Catalyst can speed up reactions as they lower
The activation enthalpy by providing a different way for the bonds to be broken and remade
30
If the activation of therapy is lower more particles
Will have enough enthalpy to react
31
Homogenous catalyst are in the
Same state as the reactants
32
A catalyst works by
Providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation enthalpy, the catalyst is chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction
33
Heterogeneous catalysts are in
Different states to the reactants
34
An example of a homogenous catalyst is
Enzymes which catalyse reactions in your body cells (everything is aqueous)
35
Homogeneous catalyst works by forming
An intermediate compound with the reactants, the products are then formed from the intermediate compounds, the catalyst is reformed again and carried on catalysing the reaction
36
The activation enthalpy needed to form the intermediate is
Lower than that needed to make the products directly from the reactants
37
The enthalpy profile of a homogenous catalyst reaction has
Two bumps between the reactants and products the bottom of the bump is where the intermediate is formed
38
As the reactants get used up the forward reaction
Slows down and as there is more product the reverse reaction speeds up
39
Dynamic equilibrium
Is the weather forwards and backwards reaction are happening at the same rate This only occurs in a closed system
40
If there is a change in concentration pressure or temperature the equilibrium
Will move to help counteract the change
41
Catalyst have no affect
On the position of equilibrium As they can’t increase the yield but they can make equilibrium get reached faster
42
If you increase the concentration The equilibrium moves to
The opposite side
43
If you increase the pressure the equilibrium moves to the side
With the fewest gas molecules
44
If you increase the temperature that equilibrium moves to the
Endothermic reaction (🔺 + )
45
If you decrease the temperature the equilibrium moves to the
Exothermic reaction (🔺h -)
46
If you decrease the pressure the equilibrium shift to
The side with a most. Gas molecules
47
How much nitrogen is there in the atmosphere
78%
48
How much oxygen is there in the atmosphere
21%
49
How much argon is there in the atmosphere
1%
50
How much carbon dioxide is there in the atmosphere
0.035%
51
To get from a percentage to parts per million you
X 10,000
52
The Sun gives out
Electromagnetic radiation
53
Electromagnetic radiation is energy that
Is transmitted as waves with a spectrum of different frequencies
54
The sons main radiations in order
Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, Visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays
55
Which type of radiation has the smallest frequency and energy
Radio waves
56
Which type of radiation has the highest frequency and energy
Gamma rays
57
The Earth emits Much lower
Frequency radiation from the sun because it is cooler
58
The earths surface absorbs
Radiation from the sun and is warmed it then reemits radiation (infrared)
59
Only molecules made of different atoms can absorb
Infrared radiation because the polarities of their bonds change as they vibrate
60
Infrared radiation makes some bonds
Vibrate more
61
Greenhouse gases are
Gases that absorb infrared radiation and hence they stop some of the radiation emitted by the air from escaping into space
62
Gas molecules have fixed vibrational energy levels or quantised levels so
Upon the energy can only jump from one level to another
63
Different molecules absorb
Different frequencies of radiation
64
When ultraviolet radiation or visible light hit a molecule of gas the electrons can
Absorb the energy and jump up to the next energy levels because this energy is quantised Only specific frequencies are absorbed
65
If enough energy is absorbed bonds
Break and form free radicals
66
Energy (J)=
Frequency (Hz) x Plancks constant
67
What type of radiation is absorbed by atmospheric gases
UV and infrared- some of it is also reflected back into space from clouds
68
What energy usually reaches the Earth surface
Visible light and UV
69
The Earth radiates energy back towards space as
Infrared radiation
70
Gases in the troposphere observe other infrared radiation and
Re emit it in all directions
71
The greenhouse effect is
The absorption and readmission of heat by greenhouse gases
72
The main greenhouse gases are
Water vapour, carbon dioxide and methane
73
Greenhouse gases molecules
Absorb infrared radiation to make the bonds in the molecules vibrate more
74
The contribution to greenhouse gases depends on how much
Radiation one molecule of gas absorbs and how much of that gas there is in the atmosphere
75
Human impact on global warming
Burning fossil feels and deforestation and A rise in population and more cows needed close arise in the greenhouse gas concentrations
76
Human activities cause a rise in greenhouse gas concentrations which enhances the greenhouse effect since less
Infrared light can escape so the Earth becomes warmer this leads to global warming sea levels rising and climate change
77
Significant global cooling is caused bye
Volcanic eruptions or meteor impacts
78
Seawater has become more
Acidic as more carbon dioxide dissolves in the water
79
Mass spectrometry is used to analyse the composition of air trapped inside
The ice in polar regions to see how the atmosphere has changed
80
To reduce carbon dioxide emissions scientists are
Developing alternative fuels, trying to Increased photosynthesis by growing more phytoplankton and using carbon capture and storage
81
Carbon capture and storage. Is removing waste CO2 and
Injecting it as a liquid into the deep ocean or store and get under pressure deep underground or reacting it with a metal oxide to form stable carbonate minerals (easy storage)
82
Heterolytic fission is where
Two different substances are formed – a positively charged cation and a negatively charged anion
83
Homolytic fission is where
To electrically charged radicals are formed And because of the unpaired electron these radicals are very reactive
84
Radicals are
Particles that have unpaired electron this makes them very reactive
85
A double headed arrow shows
A pair of electrons moving
86
A single headed arrow shows
The movement of a single electron
87
Halogens react with alkanes in
Photochemical reactions which are started by ultraviolet light
88
When a halogen reacts with alkenes a new hydrogen atom is substituted to form a
Free radical substitution reaction
89
A free radical substitution reaction has three stages
Initiation, propagation and termination
90
Initiation reactions
Free radicals are produced The bond split equally and each atom gets to keep one electron by homolytic fission, the atom becomes a highly reactive free radical because of its unpaired electron
91
Propagation reactions
Free radicals are used up and created in a chain reaction
92
Termination reactions
Free radicals are used up | 2 free radicals join together to make a stable molecule
93
UV radiation can break carbon hydrogen bonds
The carbon – iodine bond is most likely to break | The carbon – fluorine bond is least likely to break as it has the highest bond enthalpy
94
CFCs are made
By replacing the hydrogen atoms in alkanes with chlorine and fluoride so they are halogenoalkanes
95
CFCs are
Unreactive, nonflammable and harmless
96
CFCs are useful for
Fire extinguishers aerosols and coolant gas in fridges and polystyrene
97
CFCs helped create
Holes in the ozone layer
98
Montréal protocol of 1989
And international treaty to phase out the use of CFCs
99
Alternatives to CFCs
HCFCs and hydrocarbons
100
Problems with HCFCs
They are broken down in the atmosphere and a greenhouse gases
101
Most aerosols are now
Pump spray systems or use nitrogen as the propellant
102
Fridges now use
Ammonia as the coolant gas
103
Ozone is formed when
UV radiation from the sun hits oxygen molecules
104
When UV radiation is absorbed by an oxygen molecule the oxygen molecule
Splits into separate atoms of free radicals this free radical then combines With other oxygen molecules to form ozone molecules O3
105
O2 +hv ->
O. + O. -> O2+ O. -> O3
106
O3 + hv ->
O2 + O.
107
The ozone layer is continuously
Being destroyed and replaced as UV radiation hits the molecules, it is at equilibrium
108
The ozone layer removes
UVC radiation and UVB radiation which are harmful to humans
109
UVB and UVA can cause damage to the
DNA in cells and cause skin cancer and sunburn
110
UV is essential for humans as we need it for
Vitamin D
111
The ozone layer over the attic has been found to be
Thinning, These holes in the ozone layer are bad because they allow more harmful UV radiation to reach Earth
112
Scientists found evidence to the thinning of the ozone layer by
Antarctic expeditions, high altitude flights, satellite data
113
CFCs a free radicals that are
Catalysts, they react with the ozone to form an intermediate and an oxygen molecule
114
CCl3F ->
CCl2F. + Cl.
115
Cl. + O3 ->
O2 + ClO.
116
ClO. + O3 ->
2O2 + Cl.
117
2O3 ->
3O2 (and Cl. Is the catalyst)
118
Nitrogen oxides also
Destroy the ozone layer
119
Ozone occurs in the troposphere because
The effect of sunlight on mixtures of nitrogen dioxide and hydrocarbons
120
In heavy industrialise areas the ozone mixes with solid particles of carbon causing
Photochemical smog
121
Ozone is toxic
To humans and can affect the lungs and trigger asthma attacks

A// Chemistry (5 decks)

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