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A// Chemistry > Developing Fuels > Flashcards

Developing Fuels Flashcards

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1
Q

Addition reaction

A

A reaction when two or more molecules react to form a single larger molecule

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2
Q

Adsorbed

A

When reactants bond to the surface of a catalyst

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3
Q

Alcohol

A

Alcohols have a hydroxyl, OH group

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4
Q

Aliphatic

A

Organic molecules which do not contain a benzene ring

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5
Q

Alkanes

A

Hydrocarbons with a general formula CnH2n+2

They are saturated

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6
Q

Alkenes

A

Non-cyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n

They are unsaturated

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7
Q

Amount

A

This tells you the number of moles of a substance

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8
Q

Aromatic

A

Benzene and organic molecules containing one or more benzene rings

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9
Q

Bond enthalpy

A

This is the energy required to break one mole of a bond to give separate atoms all in the gaseous state

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10
Q

Carbocation

A

An ion with a positively-charged carbon atom

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11
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance which speeds up a reaction but can be recovered chemically unchanged at the end

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12
Q

Catalysis

A

The process of speeding up a chemical reaction

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13
Q

Catalyst poison

A

A substance that stops a catalyst functioning properly

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14
Q

Chain isomers

A

Same molecular formula, different structural formulae. The carbon chains are different

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15
Q

Copolymerisation

A

When more than one type of monomer is used in addition polymerisation

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16
Q

Cracking

A

Any reaction in which a larger molecule is made into smaller molecules. When the original alkane is broken down one product will be unsaturated

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17
Q

Cycloalkane

A

An alkane which had the C atoms in a ring. General formula is CnH2n
They are saturated

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18
Q

Delocalised electrons

A

Bonding electrons which are shared between more than 2 atoms in benzene

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19
Q

Electrolysis

A

The breaking down of a compound using electricity

Electrical energy is transferred to chemical energy

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20
Q

Electrophile

A

A positive ion, or a molecule with a partial positive charge, that will be attracted to a negatively charged region and react by accepting a lone pair of electrons to form a covalent bond

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21
Q

Empirical formula

A

This is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound

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22
Q

Endothermic

A

An endothermic reaction takes in energy and cools the surroundings
🔺H is positive
Bond breaking

23
Q

Energy transfer

A

Energy transferred (J) = mass (g) x temperature change (degrees C or K) x 4.18

24
Q

Ether

A

Ethers have an -O- between two alkyl groups

25
Q

Evaporative emissions

A

These are just unburnt hydrocarbons (CxHy) which escape from an exhaust

26
Q

Exothermic

A

An exothermic reaction gives out energy and heats the surroundings 🔺H is negative
Bond making

27
Q

Extrapolation

A

Extending data points beyond those actually measured

28
Q

Fuel cell

A

Used to generate electricity on a small scale in cars

Chemical energy is transferred to electrical energy

29
Q

Functional group

A

Modifiers that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of molecules

30
Q

Functional group isomers

A

Same molecular formula, different structural formulae

These have different functional groups and belong to different homologous series

31
Q

Hess’s law

A

As long as your starting and finishing points are the same, the enthalpy change will always be the the same, this is regardless of how you go from start to finish

32
Q

Heterogeneous catalyst

A

This catalyst is in a different state to the reactants

33
Q

Homogeneous catalyst

A

This catalyst is in the same state as the reactants

34
Q

Homologous series

A

Members of a homologous series have the same general formula, similar chemical properties and a gradual change in physical properties

35
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

A hydrocarbon is a compound of carbon and oxygen only

36
Q

Isomerisation

A

In isomerisation, straight chain isomers are heated with a catalyst
Bits of the chain break off and may join on in a new place to form an isomer (with a higher octane number)

37
Q

Molecular formula

A

This gives the actual numbers of each type of atom in a molecule

38
Q

Polarised

A

If a molecule or atom is polarised, it has a + and a - side

39
Q

Polymerisation

A

Small molecules called monomers join together to produce long chain polymers

40
Q

Positional isomers

A

Same molecular formula, different structural formulae

Differ only in the position of the functional group

41
Q

Saturated

A

A saturated compound has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible, no C to C double or triple bonds

42
Q

Skeletal formula

A

This shows only the carbon skeleton and associated functional groups of the molecule

43
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1g by 1K

44
Q

Standard conditions

A

298K (25 degrees C) for temperature
1 atmosphere for pressure
1 mol dm-3 for concentration of solutions

45
Q

Standard enthalpy change of combustion 🔺cH*298

A

This is the enthalpy change when 1 mole of a substance burns completely in oxygen under standard conditions
This is always negative

46
Q

Standard enthalpy change of formation 🔺fH*298

A

This is the enthalpy change when 1 mole of a substance is made from its constituent elements
The elements are in their standard states

47
Q

Standard enthalpy change of neutralisation 🔺neutH*298

A

This is the enthalpy change when 1 mole of hydrogen ions react with one mole of hydroxide ions to form one mole of water under standard conditions and in solutions containing 1 mol dm-3

48
Q

Standard enthalpy change for a reaction 🔺rH*298

A

The enthalpy change when molar quantities of reactants as stated in the equation react together under standard conditions

49
Q

Standard conditions

A

The physical state of a substance under standard conditions

This may be a pure solid, liquid or gas

50
Q

Stereoisomers

A

This is when molecules have the same structural formula but differ in how their atoms are arranged in space - E/Z isomerism

51
Q

Stoichiometic mixture

A

This is the mixture which contains exactly the correct amounts of chemicals to react completely

52
Q

Structural formula

A

This shows how the atoms in a molecule bond to each other

53
Q

Structural isomer

A

These have that same molecular formula but different structural formula

A// Chemistry (5 decks)

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