Working memory and LTM

Question 1

What is elaborative rehearsal and coding?

Answer 1

elaborative encoding improves comprehension and memory. This is the process by which the subject organizes and relates new info to material that is already held in the LTM.

Question 2

Elaborative rehearsal relates to the depth of processing. Name the two depths.

Answer 2

Shallow- sound and shape
Deep- meaning

Question 3

What did Bransford and Johnson suggest in 1972?

Answer 3

Data for elaborative encoding. They showed that subjects who had been able to activate an appropriate schema to understand a text (e.g., by presenting a title of the test before reading it) could recall the text better than subjects who had not.

Question 4

What does schema mean?

Answer 4

This is a mental framework; a schema helps encode and organize the details you read about. For example, think of a house. You get an immediate mental image of something with a door, 4 walls and 2 window, a front door and a chimney.

Question 5

What are semantic networks?

Answer 5

Information gets stored in semantic networks (LTM). This is a knowledge structure that represent how concepts are related to one another and illustrates how they interconnect.

Question 6

What is the difference between anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia?

Answer 6

Anterograde amnesia refers to amnesia from the time of the trauma up to the present time. Whereas retrograde amnesia refers to where you can’t recall memories that were formed before the event that caused the amnesia. It usually affects recently stored past memories, not memories from years ago. (The 2 years H.M forgot)

Question 7

Explain memory consolidation.

Answer 7

Memory consolidation refers to the process by which a temporary, labile memory is transformed into a more stable, long-lasting form. Consolidation may occur over periods of time (years) such that remote memories are more damage- resistant.

Question 8

Define consolidation.

Answer 8

The neurobiological process by which a permanent memory is formed following a learning experience.

Question 9

Easily changeable?

Answer 9

Labile

Question 10

Define encoding.

Answer 10

The conversion of info into a form that can be stored in memory

Question 11

Define storage.

Answer 11

The creation of a trace of this information within the nervous system.

Question 12

What does retrieval mean?

Answer 12

An attempt to recover a memory trace.

Question 13

How do we use this info to improve our memory? There are 3 things.

Answer 13

1. Visual imagery
2. Methods of loci
3. Encoding- retrieval context

Question 14

Explain Visual imagery.

Answer 14

This improves memories through mnemonics. This is a learning technique used to aid the association of the to-be memorized info (forms and meanings) with mediators (imagery to represent meaning) which are more accessible to provide better retention and retrieval for learners.

Question 15

Give an example of visual imagery.

Answer 15

Visualizing a deck of cards and that then represents the number 52.

Question 16

Explain methods of loci.

Answer 16

Items to be remembered are visualized in specific, well-known places. linking items to specific places you know well.

Question 17

Give an example of the methods of loci.

Answer 17

To help you remember your shopping list, imagine each product at a different spot in the house.

Question 18

Explain encoding- retrieval context..

Answer 18

Godden and Baddeley in 1975 suggested the weaker effect. This relates to where a person learns their info and how it then affects that person’s memory. When placed back into that context and environment where you learned that info, you will remember more info.