Workbooks Section 1 Flashcards
The classification of organisms based on the number of characters they share
Phenetics
The system of binomial nomenclature was developed by
Carolus Linnaeus
Shared ancestral characters
Can be used to determine when two groups diverged.
What are used extensively by the molecular biologist to determine relationships?
Nucleotides and Proteins
The systematist would be most interested in
Evolutionary relationships and ancestries
Which organisms are placed in the domain Eukarya?
Plants, fungi, and protist
In what ways are fungi different from plants?
Fungi are not photosynthetic.
Fungi have a different mode of reproduction.
Fungi have a different body structure.
What is the study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships?
Systematics
What includes the largest number of organisms?
Phylum
A taxon is a formal grouping of organisms that cannot be separated into subgroups.
True
Characteristics of viruses include
They are acellular.
They do not carry on metabolic activities.
They are not classified in any of the the domains; yet they infect creatures in each of them.
They do not produce rRNA since they have no organelles like ribosome.
They can only produce when inside a cell.
Their genome can integrate into their host’s DNA.
A virus is virulent when it
Has a lytic cycle (causes a cytopathic effect).
Causes disease.
When a host bacterium exhibits new properties because of a prophage, the phenomenon is called
Lysogenic conversion
The characteristics of life that viruses do NOT exhibit are
Independent movement, cellular structure, and independent metabolism.
Classification of viruses into species and order and families is extremely artificial since
They cannot interbreed in nature are required for the definition of a species.
It makes more sense to classify them based on host range and disease caused.
A small, circular piece of DNA that is separate from the main chromosome
Is referred to as a plasmid.
Sometimes carries antibiotic resistance or virulence factors.
Is found in archaea, Cyanobacteria, and eubacteria.
Characteristics of prions include
They are rnisfolded PrP proteins.
They can arise spontaneously as the result of a mutation.
They are protein particles.
They can cause cells to malfunction.
The coat surrounding the nucleic acid core of a virus is
A capsid
Made of protein
Composed of capsomeres
The virus that causes AIDS and so,e types of cancer is a
Retrovirus and RNA virus
Important difference between virulent and temperate viruses is that only the temperate virus
Does not always lyse host cells in the lysogenic cycle.
Protist may be
Unicellular
Eukaryotic
Simple multicellular organisms
Colonial
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have been derived from
Endosymbionts and aerobic bacteria
Excavates
Are generally endosymbionts
Obtain energy through fermentation
Are flagellated
The Paramecium
Is a ciliated
Is eukaryotic
Has a pellicle
Has multiple nuclei
The parasite that causes malaria is in the phylum
Apicomplexa
A protozoan whose cells bear a striking resemblance to specialized cells in sponges is the
Choanoflagellate
Kingdom Protista possess both plant-like and animal-like characteristics which is a classic example of what genus?
Euglena
Members of the genus Euglena
Are flagellated
Have a pellicle
Possess chlorophyll
Are mixotrophs (Are heterotrophic and autotrophic)
Protists can be found in the supergroups
Chromalveolates Unikonts Rhizarians Excavates Archaeplastids
Red tide, typically caused by a species of Gonyaulax
Is caused by a toxin produced by dinoflagellates.
Is responsible for large fish kills.
Occurs in nutrients-rich, warm waters.
The diploid stage in the life cycle of the causative agent of malaria, Plasmodium, occurs in
Mosquitoes
Because of their similarity to other organisms, water molds were once classified as
Fungi
Cellular slime molds
Are unikonts
Reproduce using spores
Are classified as amoebozoa
Form a slug when conditions are not optimal
A symbiotic relationship in which both “partners” benefits is known as
Mutualism
A symbolic relationship in which one “partner” benefits and the other is unaffected is known as
Commensalism
Mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations between
Fungi and plant roots
Fungal hyphae that contain two genetically distinct nuclei within each cell are known as
Dikaryotic
n+n
Fungi
Are heterotrophs
Are eukaryotes
Possess cell walls
Digest food outside their bodies
A lichen can be composed of
Alga and fungus Photoautotroph and fungus Cyanobacteria and ascomycete Alga and basidiomycete Alga and ascomycete
Fungi can reproduce
Sexually Asexually By spore formation By simple division By budding
The black fungus growing on a piece of bread
Is heterothallic
Has coenocytic hyphae
Is in the phylum Zygomycota
The genus Penicillium
Produces the flavor in Roquefort cheese
Produces the antibiotic penicillin
Produces the flavor in Brie cheese
Lichen can be used as indicators of air pollution because they
Cannot excrete absorbed elements
Do not grow well in polluted areas
A mass of filamentous hyphae is called a
Mycelium
Yeast participates in the brewing of beer by
Producing nutrients such as B vitamins
Fermenting grain sugars
Producing ethyl alcohol
If you eat just any mushroom that you find in the wild, there’s a chance that you will likely
Die Become intoxicated Hallucinate Become nauseated Ingest the drug psilocybin by the mushroom
A fungus infection throughout the body obtained by exposure to bird droppings is likely
Histoplasmosis
Chrytrids (aka chytridiomycetes)
Are fungi
Inhabit damp or wet environments
Have flagellated spores
Fungi can be found growing
In moist habitats. In tree and plant roots. In soil associated with Dichanthelium lanuginosum (hot springs panic grass) of geothermal hot springs. Where organic material is available. In the wood of buildings.
The cell walls of fungi contain
Carbohydrates and chitin
Coenocytic fungi
Are elongated
Are multinucleated
Lack septa
The clade opisthokonts include
Fungi
Animals
Choanoflagellates
Terms associated with sexual reproduction in fungi include
Zygote nucleus
Plasmogamy
Karyogamy
Features some fungi share with some plants include
A cell wall
Growth to relatively large sizes
Both sexual and asexual reproduction possible
Alternation of generations
Microsporidia
Infect eukaryotic cells We're once assigned to Protozoa Produce a polar tube Are opportunistic pathogens Have two developmental stages
Species of yeast that are self-fertile are referred to as being
Homothallic
Terms associated with basidiomycetes include
Primary mycelium Cytoplasmic streaming Karyogamy Gills "Fairy rings"
Spores grow
Into gametophyte plants
Into a haploid plant
To form a plant body by mitosis
Plants all have
Chlorophyll a&b
Xanthophyll
Carotene
Yellow pigments
A strobilus is
On a diploid plant
On a vascular plant
Found on horsetails
The gametophyte generation of a plant
Is haploid
Produce haploid gametes by mitosis
When a gamete produces by an archegonium fuses with a gamete produced by a male gametophyte plant, the result is
A diploid zygote
The first stage in the sporophyte generation
Called fertilization
Plant sperm cells form in
Haploid gametophyte plants
Product of buds from a protonema
The sporophyte generation of a plant
Is diploid
Produces haploid spores by meiosis
Liverworts
Are bryophytes
Can produce archegonia and antheridia on a haploid gametophyte
The spore cases on a fern are
Usually on the fronds
Called sporangia
Often arranged in a sorus
The leaves of vascular plants that evolved from stem branches
Are megaphylls
Contain more than one vascular strand
Land plants are thought to have evolved from
Green algae
Charophytes
All plants
Have a cuticle covering the aerial portion of the plants. Develop form multicellular embryos. Are a monophyletic group. Store starch. Evolved from a green algae.
The water conducting portion of the plant vasculature is the
Xylem
Red algae, green algae, and land plants are collectively classified as
Archaeplastids
Whisk ferns
Are found mainly in the tropics and subtropics.
Should be classified as reduced ferns.
Are in phylum Pteridophyte.
Have vascularized stems.
