T-3 2.0 Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
Why do pair bonds exist, and where are they most common?
A
Pair bonds exist between mates to ensure reproductive success. Pair bonds are most common in bird species (90%) but very few other examples exist. Humans are the only primates that pair bond
2
Q
Name the types of blood cells and their functions
A
Basophils: Releases histamine and other inflammatory mediators
Eosinophils: Defense against parasites
Lymphocytes: Antibody production (humeral immunity)
Monocytes: Removes cellular debris and foreign invaders in tissues
Neutrophils: Phagocytosis of bacteria
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte: Kill virus infected cells (cell mediated immunity)
Helper T Lymphocyte: Stimulate B and T cell activity
Erythrocyte: Transport CO2 and O2
Thrombocyte: Clotting of Blood
3
Q
Explain the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport and identify factors that determine and influence the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.
A
Oxygen is actually transported not as a gas dissolved in the blood but as a compound bound to hemoglobin (Hb) to form oxyhemoglobin (HbO2). As oxygen concentrations rise, the concentration of HbO2 increases. It dissociates more readily in the slightly acidic environment of the capillaries due to CO2 or in active muscles due to lactic acid; this is called the Bohr effect.
4
Q
Sociobiology
A
The scientific study of the biological (especially ecological and evolutionary) aspects of social behavior in animals
5
Q
What is the epiglottis?
A
The epiglottis covers the entrance to the larynx during swallowing (only occurs in adult humans).
6
Q
Excretory systems
A
Help maintain homeostasis by regulating the concentration of body fluids
7
Q
What are the various forms of altruism and how does it help?
A
• Cooperative behavior includes reciprocal
“altruism” (should just be called reciprocity) “tit-for-tat”
In altruistic behavior, an individual
behaves in a way that benefits others at the altruist’s expense (rare except for kin)
• Inclusive fitness – Enhances number of own offspring and offspring of kin – Kin selection increases inclusive fitness through reproduction of close relatives carrying similar genes
8
Q
Most arteries contain oxygenated blood; which one does not?
A
Pulmonary Arteries
9
Q
Chambers in the heart that pump blood into arteries are called…
A
ventricles
10
Q
various functions of the vertebrate circulatory system
A
provide nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and to remove wastes from them. It is also where the body fights infections
11
Q
What is optimal foraging?
A
Optimal foraging behavior is a set of hypotheses that describe how animals optimize time and reward in seeking food.
12
Q
MHC stands for
A
Major HistoCompatibility-antigen. In humans, the MHC is the HLA group
13
Q
The correct order of a breath of air
Word Bank: trachea, pharynx, larynx, bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli, nasal cavities.
A
Nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.
14
Q
How do O2 and CO2 move and from what concentrations?
A
O2 and CO2 move by diffusion from high to low concentrations.
15
Q
Osmoregulation
A
The active regulation of osmotic pressure of body fluids so that homeostasis is maintained
16
Q
Inner portion of a kidney is called the…
A
renal medulla
17
Q
Outer portion of a kidney is called the…
A
renal cortex
18
Q
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
A
Retrovirus
Causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Destroys T helper cells
Severely impairs immunity
19
Q
Contrast a secondary with a primary immune response
A
Primary immune response-
Stimulated by the first exposure to an antigen
Secondary immune response-
Stimulated by a second exposure to the same antigen
More rapid and more intense than the primary response
20
Q
What do animals use to guide the direction of their travel in migration?
A
Navigation by light and magnetic field, requires both compass
and map sense
21
Q
What is Courtship?
A
Courtship behaviors allow for mate selection based on those behaviors rather than aggression.
22
Q
Chemokines
A
Attract, activate, and direct the movement of certain cells of the immune system. Chemokines (Chemo-chemical Kin-family/closeness) attract by chemicals and family activates and directs them
23
Q
How are hormones are transported in a body
A
through the blood
24
Q
Where is insulin produced?
A
Insulin is produced in the pancreas. To be more specific, it’s produced by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
25
Cytokines
Signaling proteins that regulate interactions between cells. (Cytokines- cyborg and signals)
26
IgD
IgD is present in low concentrations and, with IgM, is involved in the functioning of B cells.
27
Antigen
An antigen is any foreign material (it can be protein, nucleic acid, silicone, pollen, etc) recognized as non-self.
28
How does ADH work?
Urine volume is regulated by the hormone ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) which is produced by the posterior pituitary and targets the collecting ducts to
make them more permeable to water resulting in concentrated urine. Secretion of ADH comes under the control of the hypothalamus which has receptors that are stimulated by osmotic changes in the blood; Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption.
29
Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and in the tissues.
O2 and CO2 move by diffusion from high to low concentrations.
The exchange of gases is based on Dalton's law of partial pressures which states that the pressure of a single gas is the same regardless of whether it is alone or in combination with other gases.
30
What is Territoriality?
Territoriality is a section of the home range that is defended and tends to reduce aggressive conflicts.
31
AIDS risk factors
Risk factors include unprotected promiscuous sex regardless of whether it is homosexual, heterosexual, or bisexual and IV drug use.
32
Why are fish gills efficient?
Fish gills are efficient because of the countercurrent flow of blood and water which maximizes diffusion of O2 into blood and CO2 out of blood.
33
In a normal individual the white blood cells present in the lowest number are...
basophils
34
Aldosterone
* Helps regulate salt excretion
| * Affects blood volume and blood pressure
35
What happens when blood pressure increases?
* Cardiac center stimulates parasympathetic nerves that slow heart rate
* Vasomotor center INHIBITS sympathetic nerves that constrict blood vessels
* Blood pressure is reduced
36
Compare food processing (ingestion, digesting, absorption, elimination) in an animal that has a single-opening (e.g. Hydra) with one with two openings (e.g. vertebrates).
Food processing in Hydra is a simple ingestion by a gastrovascular cavity with enzymes that digest the food and cells that absorb it; egestion of undigested materials is back through the mouth. In vertebrates, a digestive tube with specialized structures exists where the mouth ingests the food, goes to the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine (where it is absorbed), and to the anus (for elimination); vertebrates also have accessory organs (salivary glands, liver, pancreas) that secrete various enzymes into the digestive tract.
37
Angiotensin
• Hormone that raises blood pressure
| Angiotensin(tension-tight-raises pressure)
38
IgE
IgE is involved in allergies and parasitic infections and participates in release of histamine.
39
IgA
IgA is a surface-associated immunoglobulin and is found in mucus, tears, saliva and breast milk and prevents pathogens from attaching to the surface.
40
HLA stands for
Human Leucocyte Antigen
41
The 5 classes of immunoglobulins
G, A, M, E, D.
42
Describe the function of respiratory pigments.
Hemoglobin in vertebrate blood greatly increases the amount of oxygen which can be transported by the blood. It does this because of an iron-porphyrin (heme) bound to a protein (globin). The iron portion has a high affinity for oxygen.
Hemocyanins are copper-containing respiratory pigments in some mollusks and arthropods where the Cu acts to scavenge oxygen rather than Fe.
43
The walls of arteries and veins are thick and do not allow materials to pass through; What three layers do they have?
tunica intima (the inner layer composed of endothelium),
tunica media (middle layer composed of connective tissue and smooth muscle)
tunica adventitia (outer layer composed of elastic and collagen fibers)
44
What do protoneephridia and metanephridia, what creatures have them, and how they function differently then each other
Protonephridia are made up of many flame cells. In the flame cells, there are cilia at the 'tips'. They beat, creating a sort of vacuum that sucks out substances on the other side of the membrane. This gets filtered, things are reabsorbed as appropriate & the waste is excreted through the nephridiopore (your one opening). This is mostly for osmoregulation.
Metanephridia is in segments, there's an internal opening (nephrostome) & an external opening (nephridiopore). Body fluid is drawn in from the nephrostome, substances are filtered, selected or reabsorbed as necessary. The wastes are excreted from the nephridiopore. This functions in both
osmoregulation & excretion. And yes, as you said, this is vascularised for secretion/reabsorption purposes.
45
Is a vaccine possible for AIDS?
A vaccine is nearly impossible since the virus encloses its genome into the body's own cells and is difficult for the immune system to detect it .
46
Compare active and passive immunity with examples.
Active immunity occurs following exposure to antigen either artificially (vaccination) or naturally (sickness).
Passive immunity is the receipt of antibodies rather than the body actually making them;
it may be either natural (baby receiving colostrum from nursing) or artificial (injection of antitoxin).
47
Imprinting is...
Learning that occurs during a critical period such as a chick recognizing its mother shortly after hatching so that the chick can survive.
48
What are Endocrine glands?
Endocrine glands release hormones into the extracellular fluid and ultimately into the circulatory system.
49
List the order in which the blood travels through the heart
Inferior/Superior Vena Cava, Right Atrium, Tricuspid Valve, Right Ventricle, Pulmonary Semilunar Valve, Pulmonary Arteries, lungs, Pulmonary Veins, Left Atrium, Bicuspid/Mitral Valve, Left Ventricle, Aortic Semilunar Valve, Aorta
50
The difference in what abnormalities are caused by adult and infant hypothyroidism.
Malfunction in the thyroid hormone leads to goiter, sluggish metabolism, and even mental malfunction. Hypothyroidism leads to a condition known as cretinism (retarded physical growth) while hyperthyroidism leads to chronically feeling hungry or craving for something.
51
Diurnal
Animals active during the day
52
IgG
makes up 75% of the immunoglobulins
53
The element found in the blood hemoglobin molecule that allows oxygen binding.
Iron porphyrin
54
Where do T-Lymphocytes mature?
T cells mature in the THYMUS. (T for thymus)
55
Describe the function of respiratory pigments
Hemoglobin in vertebrate blood greatly increases the amount of oxygen which can be transported by the blood. It does this because of an iron-porphyrin (heme) bound to a protein (globin). The iron portion has a high affinity for oxygen.
Hemocyanins are copper-containing respiratory pigments in some mollusks and arthropods where the Cu acts to scavenge oxygen rather than Fe.
56
Fixed action patterns
(FAP)
– Automatic behavior that, onceactivated, continues to completion regardless of feedback
– Can be triggered by sign stimulus
57
Cardiac output (CO)
Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by one ventricle in one beat (the stroke volume) multiplied by the number of ventricular contractions per minute
Cardiac centers in the medulla communicate with the heart via autonomic fibers; hormones from the adrenal glands speed the heart rate. Blood pressure is a function of blood flow and resistance to blood flow. Blood pressure is measured as ventricular systole and diastole (ventricles contracting and relaxing). The systolic pressure is listed on top and the diastolic pressure on the bottom (e.g. 130/70). If the diastolic is above 95 then hypertension needs to be treated. Blood pressure is highest in arteries because of the ventricular systole that pumps blood into the artery and because they are smaller in diameter than the veins to which the blood is flowing. Since the veins have lower pressure in them, the large veins have valves to prevent backflow.
58
Compare the advantages and disadvantages of gas exchange in air with those in water.
Gills are adapted for respiration in water and require lots of energy to extract oxygen from the water;
Trachea and lungs are adapted for terrestrial respiration but gas exchange must take place across a moist surface to prevent water loss in terrestrial organisms.
59
Do dominance hierarchies increase or reduce aggressive behavior?
Reduce
60
What does glucagon do?
raises the concentration of glucose in the blood. Malfunctions result in diabetes or hypoglycemia.
61
Operant conditioning
Learns a behavior by positive
reinforcement or to avoid
punishment
62
Compare the advantages and disadvantages of gas exchange in air with those in water.
Gills are adapted for respiration in water and require lots of energy to extract oxygen from the water; trachea and lungs are adapted for terrestrial respiration but gas exchange must take place across a moist surface to prevent water loss in terrestrial organisms.
63
What are Exocrine glands?
Exocrine glands secrete materials onto the surface of the epithelium (like a sweat gland)
64
Interleukins
Secreted by macrophages & lymphocytes (regulate interactions between lymphocytes)
Cause fever & have other widespread effects
65
What is imprinting?
Imprinting is learning that occurs during a critical period such as a chick recognizing its mother shortly after hatching so that the chick can survive.
66
In a normal individual the greatest number of white blood cells are...
neutophils
67
Ethology
The scientific study of animal behavior.
68
What control biological rhythms?
The pineal gland and hypothalamus by secreting hormones that stimulate these behaviors in vertebrates.
69
Crepuscular
Animals are those that are active primarily during twilight
70
Classical conditioning
An association is formed between
| some normal body function and a new stimulus
71
Steps in antibody-mediated immunity
1. Macrophages interact with T-helper cells and activate them. Here the T-helper cells stimulate a specific B cell. Only one will be useful, the one that makes antibodies against the antigen causing the trouble.
2. Once the proper B cell is found and simulated, the cell divides into many exact copies of itself or clones.
3. Each cloned B cell then undergoes a maturing process until it becomes a Plasma cell. The plasma cells are specialized cells well equipped to produce lots of protein.
4. The plasma cells produce lots and lots of antibodies. Each antibody is a protein formed in a very specific shape to bind to an antigen. These antibodies are secreted in large amounts into the bloodstream where they attach to a specific antigen and mark it for destruction.
5. As before, once the infection has been dealt with, many of the cells die off over time. Some hang around for quite awhile producing more antibodies but eventually they fade away. However some remain behind as memory cells so that in the antigen is encountered again, the whole process will be faster and stronger.
72
What does insulin do?
lowers the concentration of glucose in the blood
73
Starling’s law of the heart
• The more blood delivered to the heart by the veins, the more blood the heart pumps
74
Trace the pathway of an ingested meal in the human digestive system
Word bank:
(Anus, mouth, stomach, pharynx, stomach, esophagus, small intestine, large intestine)
mouth to pharynx to esophagus to stomach to small intestine to large intestine to anus.
75
Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and in the tissues.
The exchange of gases is based on Dalton's law of partial pressures and Fick's law. O2 and CO2 are diffused from high to low concentrations.
76
What is migration?
Migration is triggered by day length and may rely on celestial, magnetic, or olfactory clues. Migration allows for survival of harsh winters and cuts down on competition in a single area.
77
Suppressor T cells
Suppressor T cells release cytokines that inhibit the B cells (and some T cells) from acting.
78
Nocturnal
Animals are active at night
79
Interferons
Inhibit viral replication and activate natural killer cells
80
What is the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary?
The hypothalamus affects the pituitary gland.
The hypothalamus integrates neural and endocrine regulation; it links the nervous and endocrine system. Neurons of the hypothalamus secrete neuro-hormones which target the release of hormones by the pituitary gland which then secretes at least 9 hormones that have a wide variety of target cells and effects on the body.
81
How is carbon dioxide transported through the blood?
Carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ions (7% dissolved in blood and 20% carried by Hb). CO2 combines with water in the blood to form carbonic acid which dissociates to form bicarbonate ions in the blood.
82
Describe the following adaptations for gas exchange:
body surface;
tracheal tubes;
gills;
lungs.
Body surfaces may be adapted for gas exchange where the surface to volume ratio is high (e.g. annelids, and amphibians.
Tracheal tubes of arthropods deliver air directly to the cells where the branching is extensive throughout the body.
Gills are evaginations (outfoldings) of the body surface; dermal gills occur in echinoderms, mollusk gills are highly folded and ciliated for filter feeding; chordate gills (e.g. fish) are internal and covered with a bony operculum.
Lungs are invaginations from the body surfaces that exchange gases. Many amphibians rely on both cutaneous respiration and lungs; reptilian lungs are simple with some inner folds; birds have air sacs which increase respiratory efficiency with a countercurrent flow between the air and the blood and they have no diaphraghm.
83
Where are red blood cells produced
Red bone marrow
84
IgM
Along with IgG, defend against the major pathogens.
85
The three types of lymphocytes include
B, T, and natural killer (NK) cells.
86
What is insight learning?
Ability to adapt past experiences to
| solve a new problem
87
Describe the defense mechanisms that protect the lungs, and the effects on the respiratory system of breathing polluted air.
Bronchial constriction is a normal reaction against inhaling particles to exclude particles from the bronchioles and alveoli which have no mucous or cilia to remove them.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease includes bronchitis and emphysema that causes bronchial constrictions and is due to breathing polluted air and/or smoking.
88
What do protonephridia and metanephridia, what creatures have them, and how they function differently then each other?
Protonephridia (Planarians) are made up of many flame cells. In the flame cells, there are cilia at the 'tips'. They beat, creating a sort of vacuum that sucks out substances on the other side of the membrane. This gets filtered, things are reabsorbed as appropriate & the waste is excreted through the nephridiopore (your one opening). This is mostly for osmoregulation.
Metanephridia (Earthworm) is in segments, there's an internal opening (nephrostome) & an external opening (nephridiopore). Body fluid is drawn in from the nephrostome, substances are filtered, selected or reabsorbed as necessary. The wastes are excreted from the nephridiopore. This functions in both
osmoregulation & excretion. This is vascularised for secretion/reabsorption purposes.
89
Features of the bryophytes and their three phyla:
mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. These lack vascular tissue (but they have conducting cells) so they must live in moist areas and are generally small. Mosses have rhizoids to anchor them to the soil; they lack true leaves, roots and stems. The gametophyte bears the sporophyte generation. Liverworts also have a dominant gametophyte generation but their body form is a flattened, lobe-like thallus (a simple body lacking roots, stems, or leaves). May also reproduce asexually by gemmae or thallus branching. Hornworts have similar features but have a single disc-shaped chloroplast in each cell like many algae. The sporophyte generation that develops out of the thallus forms a "horn" from which the spores are formed.
90
Explain why behavior is adaptive, homeostatic, and flexible.
Behavioral capacity is inherited and is modified by the environment. Behaviors that permit adaptation to the environment and survival are passed on to their offspring; such behaviors also tend to be homeostatic for the individual as well. Behaviors, even some instinctual ones, can be modified by training and learning and therefore need to be considered flexible.
