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The Alimentary Canal - Anatomy > Workbook 2 > Flashcards

Workbook 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does small intestine include?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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2
Q

What does large intestine include?

A

Caecum, appendix and the colon - ascending, transverse and descending

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3
Q

What are the 3 constrictions of the oesophagus?

A

Cervical, thoracic and diaphragmatic

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4
Q

Describe the oesophagus

A

25cm long and is a muscular tube
From pharynx to stomach

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5
Q

What is the vertebral level of the oesophageal opening?

A

T10

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6
Q

What other structures pass through the diaphragm at oesophageal opening?

A

Oesophagus
Right vagus nerve
Left vagus nerve
Left gastric artery/vein

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7
Q

What is the blood supply of the oesophagus?

A

Left gastric artery - branch of coeliac trunk

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8
Q

Describe the venous drainage of oesophagus

A

Left gastric vein - portal
Azygous vein - systemic

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9
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the oesophagus

A

Superior third - deep cervical nodes
Middle - superior and posterior mediastinal nodes
Lower - left gastric and coeliac nodes

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10
Q

What is important about the lower end of the oesophagus?

A

Important site for portosystemic anastomoses
In portal hypertension then can get oesophageal varices

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11
Q

What are the parts of the stomach?

A

Fundus
Body
Antrum
Pyloric

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12
Q

Where does lesser omentum extend from and to?

A

Lesser curvature of stomach to the liver

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13
Q

Where does the greater omentum extend from and to?

A

Greater curvature of the stomach to transverse colon

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14
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

Ring of smooth muscle contracting stomach to the duodenum
Controls movement of partially digested food

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15
Q

What are the gastric folds/rugae formed from?

A

Gastric mucosa

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16
Q

In what parts of the stomach are the rugae more apparent?

A

Body and antrum

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17
Q

Name the three branches of the coeliac trunk

A

Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Common hepatic artery

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18
Q

What are the arteries supplying the stomach?

A

Left gastric artery
Right gastric artery
Splenic artery
Common hepatic artery
Left gastro-omental artery
Right gastro-omental artery

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19
Q

What are the 4 main vessels draining the stomach?

A

Left and right gastric veins - hepatic portal vein
Right gastro-omental vein - superior mesenteric vein
Left gastro-omental vein - splenic vein

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20
Q

What are the main group of lymph nodes that drain the stomach?

A

Gastric nodes

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21
Q

Describe the innervation of the stomach

A

Parasympathetic - vagus nerve
Sympathetic - greater splanchnic nerve from coeliac plexus T6-9

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22
Q

How many parts does the duodenum have?

A

4 parts

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23
Q

What organ sits in the C shape of the duodenum?

A

Pancreas

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24
Q

How is duodenum peritonised?

A

1st part is intra
Rest is retroperitoneal

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25
Q

What is the opening in duodenum where bile and pancreatic fluids enter?

A

Ampulla of Vater

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26
Q

What 2 structures come together at the ampulla of Vater?

A

Common bile duct
Main pancreatic duct

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27
Q

What is the sphincter that controls the movement of bile and pancreatic fluids into duodenum?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

28
Q

What are some distinguishing features about the jejunum?

A

Deeper red, thick + heavy, greater vascularity, longer vasa recta, few large loops in arcade and less fat in mesentery

29
Q

What are some distinguishing features about the ileum?

A

Pale pink, light + thin, less vascularity, shorter vasa recta, many short loops in arcade and more fat in the mesentery

30
Q

What major blood vessel supplies the jejunum and ileum?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

31
Q

Where does nerve supply of jejunum and ileum come from?

A

Superior mesenteric plexus

32
Q

What are 3 distinguished features of the large intestine?

A

Teniae Coli
Omental appendices - fatty projections
Haustra

33
Q

How is the large intestine peritonised?

A

Intra - Caecum, transverse colon and sigmoid colon
Retro - Ascending and Descending colon

34
Q

What are the flexures of the large intestine called?

A

Right hepatic flexure
Left splenic flexure

35
Q

Where are the midgut and hindgut boundaries of the large intestine?

A

Midgut - up to 2/3 of transverse colon
Hindgut - proximal 1/3 of the transverse colon to rectum

36
Q

Which region is the appendix and the caecum located?

A

Right inguinal region

37
Q

Where does the rectum pierce the pelvic floor?

A

At the ano-rectal junction
Where becomes anal canal

38
Q

Describe arterial and venous supply/drainage of the rectum?

A

Superior 1/3 - superior rectal artery and vein
Middle 1/3 - Middle rectal artery and vein
Lower 1/3 - Inferior rectal artery and vein

39
Q

What is the lymph drainage of the rectum?

A

Para-rectal lymph nodes

40
Q

What helps control faecal continence?

A

Pelvic floor
Internal and external sphincters

41
Q

Describe the pectinate line

A

Divides upper 2/3rds and the lower 1/3rdr of the rectum

42
Q

Describe the liver

A

Sits in upper right quadrant of the body
Is reddish brown, soft and very friable

43
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the liver?

A

Right and Left
Quadrate and Caudate

44
Q

What lobes of the liver can not be seen from the front?

A

Quadrate and Caudate

45
Q

What is the liver encapsulated in?

A

Fibrous layer called a capsule

46
Q

What is the bare area of the liver?

A

Live is in contact with diaphragm so no peritoneum

47
Q

What is the porta hepatis?

A

Hilum of the liver

48
Q

What are the structures present in the porta hepatis?

A

Hepatic portal artery
Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic nerve plexus
Hepatic duct
Lymphatic vessels

49
Q

What are the structures in the portal triad?

A

Hepatic artery
Portal vein
Bile ducts

50
Q

Where does the central vein drain to?

A

Inferior vena cava

51
Q

What does the extrahepatic biliary apparatus consist of?

A

Common bile duct
Cystic duct
Gall bladder
Left hepatic duct
Right hepatic duct

52
Q

Where is bile produced and stored?

A

Produced - liver
Stored - gallbladder

53
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

Emulsification

54
Q

Describe Calot’s triangle

A

Triangular space formed by Cystic duct, common hepatic duct and inferior surface of the liver
Triangle contains the cystic artery

55
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Exocrine - secretes digestive enzymes
Endocrine - secretes hormones

56
Q

What are the 4 parts of the pancreas?

A

Head, neck, body and tail

57
Q

How is the pancreas peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneal - apart from tail

58
Q

Which vein is formed posterior to the neck of pancreas?

A

Superior mesenteric vein

59
Q

What is the arterial supply of the pancreas?

A

Coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery

60
Q

What is the venous drainage of the pancreas?

A

Splenic or superior mesenteric veins into the portal system

61
Q

What is the nerve supply of the pancreas?

A

Coeliac plexus and superior mesenteric plexus

62
Q

What is the lymph drainage of the pancreas?

A

Pre-aortic at T12 to L1

63
Q

What is the spleen?

A

Largest single mass of lymphoid tissue in the body
Acts as filter for blood and plays role in immune response
If perforated will bleed heavily

64
Q

How is the spleen peritonised?

A

Intraperitoneal

65
Q

Name the structures in the hilum of the spleen

A

Splenic artery
Splenic vein
Splenic lymphatic vessel

The Alimentary Canal - Anatomy (3 decks)

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