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The Alimentary Canal - Anatomy > Workbook 1 > Flashcards

Workbook 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the abdomen?

A

Between the thorax and the pelvis

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2
Q

What is the name of the ligament that acts as an inferior border for surface marking of abdomen?

A

Inguinal ligament

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3
Q

What are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen?

A

Right upper
Left upper
Right lower
Left lower

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4
Q

What are the 2 planes which make up the 4 quadrants of the abdomen?

A

Transverse umbilical line
Midsagittal line

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5
Q

What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?

A

Right and Left hypochondriac
Epigastric
Right and Left lumbar
Umbilical
Right and Left iliac
Hypogastric/ pubic

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6
Q

What are the planes which make up the 9 regions?

A

Midclavicular lines
Transpyloric and intertubercular planes

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7
Q

What structures are in the right hypochondriac region?

A

Liver, gall bladder and right kidney

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8
Q

What structures lie in the epigastric region?

A

Stomach, liver, pancreas and kidneys

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9
Q

What structures lie in the left hypochondriac region?

A

Stomach, liver tip, left kidney and spleen

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10
Q

What structures lie in the right lumbar?

A

Tip of liver, small intestine, ascending colon and right kidney

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11
Q

What structures lie in the umbilical region?

A

Stomach, pancreas, small intestine and transverse colon

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12
Q

What structures lie in the left lumbar region?

A

Descending colon, left kidney and small intestine

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13
Q

What structures lie in the right inguinal region?

A

Caecum, appendix, ascending colon and small intestine

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14
Q

What structures lie in the pubic region?

A

Small intestine, sigmoid colon and bladder

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15
Q

What structures lie in the left inguinal?

A

Small intestine, descending colon, and sigmoid colon

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16
Q

What is the dermatome level of the umbilicus?

A

T10

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17
Q

What is the vertebrae level of the umbilicus?

A

L3 and L4

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18
Q

Explain herpes zoster infection

A

Shingles
All dermatomes can be affected
Presents with painful vesicles at exact location of dermatome

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19
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis

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20
Q

What is the linea alba?

A

Band of connetcive tissue down middle of rectus sheath

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21
Q

What is the large connective tissue which covers the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Rectus sheath

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22
Q

What 3 muscle aponeuroses form the rectus sheath?

A

Internal oblique
External oblique
Transversus abdominis

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23
Q

What 2 muscles lie within the rectus sheath?

A

Rectus abdominis
Pyramidalis muscles

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24
Q

What is the function of the pyramidalis?

A

Tense the linea alba

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25
Q

What is the name of where the posterior layer of the rectus sheath ends?

A

Arcuate line

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26
Q

Describe the superficial vasculature of the anterior abdominal wall

A

Superior epigastric artery and vein
Inferior epigastric artery and vein

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27
Q

Where do the superior epigastric arteries arise from?

A

Distal aspect of the internal thoracic arteries

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28
Q

Where do the superior epigastric veins drain to?

A

Internal thoracic vein

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29
Q

Where do the inferior epigastric arteries arise from?

A

External iliac arteries

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30
Q

Where do the inferior epigastric veins drain to?

A

External iliac veins

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31
Q

Describe caput medusa

A

Formation of dilated abdominal wall veins which extend from umbilicus
Secondary to portal hypertension

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32
Q

Which lymphatic nodes does lymphatic drainage go to above the umbilicus?

A

Axillary

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33
Q

Which lymphatic nodes does the lymphatic drainage go to below the umbilicus?

A

Superficial inguinal

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34
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Psoas major
Iliacus
Quadratus lumborum

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35
Q

What are the 3 opening of the diaphragm?

A

Aortic, Oesophageal and vena caval openings

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36
Q

At what levels are there openings in the diaphragm?

A

T8
T10
T12

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37
Q

What does the foregut run from and to?

A

Oesophagus to the duodenum

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38
Q

Where does the midgut run from and to?

A

Opening to bile duct in duodenum to the proximal 2/3rds of transverse colon

39
Q

Where does hindgut run from and to?

A

Distal 1/3rd of transverse colon to the rectum

40
Q

What arteries supply the foregut, midgut and hindgut?

A

Foregut - coeliac trunk
Midgut - inferior mesenteric artery
Hindgut - superior mesenteric artery

41
Q

What are the 3 branches of the coeliac trunk?

A

Left gastric artery
Common hepatic artery
Splenic artery

42
Q

Where does the superior mesenteric artery leave the abdominal aorta?

A

L1

43
Q

At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta divide into 2 common iliac arteries?

A

L4

44
Q

Describe the level of main arteries leaving the abdominal aorta

A

Coeliac trunk - T12
SMA - L1
Renal artery - L1-2
IMA - L3
Common iliac arteries - L4

45
Q

Where are the 4 sites if portal-systemic anastomoses?

A

Oesophageal
Rectal
Para and peri-umbilical
Colic veins with retroperitoneal veins

45
Q

Describe the abdominal venous drainage

A

Splenic vein
Inferior mesenteric vein
Superior mesenteric vein
All drain to portal vein which goes into liver

46
Q

What are the relevance of the anastomoses?

A

Oesophageal varices
Haemorrhoids
Caput medusa

47
Q

Explain lymph nodes around the aorta

A

If vessel comes out aorta anteriorly the drainage will be pre-aortic and if vessel protrudes out side of aorta then there is para-aortic nodes

48
Q

Describe the sympathetic innervation of the abdominal wall

A

Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves
Prevertebral sympathetic ganglia
Abdominal aortic plexuses

49
Q

Describe the parasympathetic innervation of the abdominal wall

A

Anterior and posterior abdominal trunks - 10th cranial nerve
Pelvic splanchnic nerves - S2,3,4

50
Q

What is the parasympathetic effect on the GI tract?

A

GI secretion increased
Peristalsis or motility increased
Blood vessels vasodilation

51
Q

What is the sympathetic effect on the GI tract?

A

GI secretion decreased
Peristalsis or motility decreased
Blood vessels vasoconstriction

52
Q

What is a vagotomy?

A

Cutting of the vagal nerve
Reduces gastric acid secretion

53
Q

Where does pain in the foregut, midgut and hindgut refer to?

A

Foregut - epigastric region
Midgut - umbilical region
Hindgut- suprapubic region

54
Q

What ventral rami does the lumbar plexus come from?

A

L1-L4

55
Q

Where is the lumbar plexus?

A

Within major psoas muscle and branches emerge lateral to, on surface of or medial to psoas major muscle

56
Q

What is the root of the iliohypogastric nerve?

A

L1

57
Q

What is the root of the ilioinguinal nerve?

A

L1

58
Q

What is the root of the lateral cutaneous nerve?

A

L2

59
Q

What is the root of the gentiofemoral nerve?

A

L1 and L2

60
Q

What is the root of the obturator nerve?

A

L2,3 and 4

61
Q

What is the root of the femoral nerve?

A

L2-4

62
Q

Where is the the kidneys level on vertebrae?

A

T12-L3
Right kidney slightly lower than left due to liver

63
Q

What are the 3 main structures entering or leaving the hilum of the kidneys?

A

Renal artery
Renal vein
Ureter

64
Q

How are the kidneys peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneal

65
Q

Describe the Ureters

A

Are muscular ducts that carry urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

66
Q

How is the ureters peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneal

67
Q

What is the term to describe the expanded upper part of the ureter?

A

Renal pelvis

68
Q

Where are the 3 constrictions of the ureter on route to urinary bladder?

A

Pelviureter junction
Ureter crosses the brim of pelvic inlet
During their passage through the wall of urinary bladder

69
Q

Where is the anatomical location of the adrenal gland?

A

Between supra-medial aspect of the kidneys and the diaphragmatic crura

70
Q

What type of gland is the adrenal gland?

A

Endocrine

71
Q

What is the peritoneum coverings of wall and viscera?

A

Wall - Parietal peritoneum
Viscera - Visceral peritoneum

72
Q

What peritoneal layer is more sensitive to pressure, pain, heat and cold?

A

Parietal peritoneum

73
Q

What is present within the peritoneal cavity?

A

Peritoneal fluid

74
Q

What is the difference between intra and retro peritoneal?

A

Intra - completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum
Retro - only covered on anterior surface and therefor firmly attached to posterior wall

75
Q

Name the retroperitoneal organs

A

SAD PUCKER
Suprarenal gland
Aorta/IVC
Duodenum -2 and 3rd part
Pancreas - except tail
Ureters
Colon - ascending and descending
Kidneys
Oesophagus
Rectum

76
Q

Name the intraperitoneal organs

A

Stomach
Spleen
Liver
Ileum and jejunum
Transverse and sigmoid colon
Bulb and first part of duodenum

77
Q

What is the space behind the stomach called?

A

The lesser sac and remainder of cavity is the greater sac

78
Q

What is the opening between the lesser and greater sac?

A

Epiploic foramen

79
Q

What is another name for the lesser sac?

A

Omental bursa

80
Q

Describe the boundaries of the epiploic foramen

A

Situated posterior to free edge of lesser omentum to the hepatoduodenal ligament

81
Q

What is an omentum?

A

Double layer extension of the peritoneum - there is the lesser and greater omentum

82
Q

What are the attachments of the greater and lesser omentum?

A

Greater - greater curvature of stomach
Lesser - lesser curvature of the stomach

83
Q

What is the ligament called which is part of the lesser omentum?

A

Gastro-hepatic ligament

84
Q

What is the ligament called which is part of the greater omentum?

A

Gastro-colic ligament

85
Q

What is the difference between omentum and mesentery?

A

Omentum extends from stomach
Mesentery is the peritoneal extension from posterior abdominal wall

86
Q

Describe the innervation of the parietal peritoneum

A

Lower 6 thoracic nerves and L1
Pain is somatic and precisely loacalised

87
Q

Describe the innervation of the visceral peritoneum

A

Autonomic nerves
Pain is referred, dull and poorly localised
Referred to midline

88
Q

What is the falciform ligament and what structures lie within its free border?

A

Connects anterior part of liver to ventral wall of abdomen
Contains the umbilical vein

89
Q

Where do you locate the transpyloric plane?

A

Halfway between the suprasternal notch and upper border of pubic symphysis

90
Q

What are the costal cartilage markings of the gall bladder?

A

9th right

91
Q

Does the liver move with inspiration?

A

Yes as intraperitoneal so its mobile

92
Q

Explain Murphy’s Sign

A

Elicited in patients with acute cholecystitis
Pain on inspiration
If inflamed when examined then positive

93
Q

Where does the spleen site in relation to ribs?

A

Left 9 to 11 ribs

The Alimentary Canal - Anatomy (3 decks)

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