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Aging > Work, Retirement & Health > Flashcards

Work, Retirement & Health Flashcards

1
Q

Work in the Micro level

A

Enter/stay in labour force (LF)

Have children & return to LF (for women)

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2
Q

Work in the Meso level

A

Work-family policy:

(maternal/paternal leave)Labour market condition

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3
Q

Work in the Macro level

A

Gov’t policy
Globalization
Economy

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4
Q

Retirement in the Micro level

A

Timing; when to retire?
Partner’s situation
Enough income to retire? Retire due to health reasons

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5
Q

Retirement in the Meso level

A

Incentives through work to stay/leave?

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6
Q

Retirement in the Macro level

A

Economy
Political climate
Social norm (65+)

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7
Q

Health & Care after Retirement in the Micro level

A

Individuals’ strategies (preventative steps)

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8
Q

Health & Care after Retirement in the Meso level

A

Work-based health benefits

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9
Q

Health & Care after Retirement in the Macro level

A

State-funded health benefits

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10
Q

The Life Course Perspective

A
  • building biographies through decisions (work – health)

- linked lives (e.g., relationship – health)

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11
Q

Political economy, critical & feminist perspectives

A
  • institutionalization of retirement and pensions as expected transition of old age ($ - health)
  • Gender: different life course of work → consequences for pensions & retirement for ♀ and ♂health
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12
Q

Activity & disengagement theories

A

successful retirement (physical, mental and social health)

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13
Q

What is the traditional view of the LC trajectory?

A
  1. education
  2. work
  3. retirement
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14
Q

What is an issue with the LC perspective?

A
  • it’s outdated and doesn’t reflect the current times
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15
Q

What are some work history influences?

A
  • income and savings; economic security
  • living environment and neighbourhood
  • social status, lifestyle
  • all effect health
  • cumulative advantage/disadvantage of these factors
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16
Q

Work and Health at the Micro-level

A
  • Individuals construct work histories
  • Motivations for working ($, interest)
  • Employment status (full-, part-time; unpaid work at home)
  • Where they work (commute, over-sea?)
  • Upgrading skills: education (life transition) – not for everyone (e.g., disability)
    Balancing work & personal lives/family
  • Linked lives (e.g., caregiving responsibility)
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17
Q

Work and Health at the Meso-level

A
  • Workplace conditions
  • Opportunities for advancement – stress ? health benefits ?
  • Work-based policies
  • Unequal access to benefits
  • Full vs part-time
  • Structured social relations including age (seniority in union jobs)
  • Family policies
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18
Q

Work and Health at the Macro-level

A
  • Workplaces operate in macro-level context
  • Gender relations: inequality or egalitarianism
  • E.g., poor economy, globalization → cost-cutting (organizational restructuring-> economic insecurity-> mental & physical health)
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19
Q

Gender, Work and Health

A
  • marital status matters

- the gap between men and women in the workforce is closing

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20
Q

Trends in LFP over time show

A
  • increase in LFP of women of all ages except old (65+)
  • increased LFP of women means majority of middle-aged women in LF who will eventually retire
  • Work on retirement must include women’s experience as retirees, not only as partners
21
Q

Variation in work histories

A
  • Disparities affect financial security in later life
  • Inequalities prior to retirement have cumulative effects
  • Cumulative advantage/disadvantage in health
22
Q

Multiple meanings of retirement

A
  • Social institution (arrangement)
  • Life Transition
  • Social role, status (‘retiree’)
23
Q

Individual pathways of retirement

A
  • Exits blurred; some individuals re-enter LF after initial retirement
  • Bridge employment: jobs held after retirement from career job
  • Decision to leave workplace
  • voluntary or involuntary? (health, caregiving responsibility)
  • linked lives (influence of others; gendered)
24
Q

Retirement at the Micro-level

A
  • Individual responsibility?
  • Disengagement, activity, & continuity theories emphasize individual responsibility for good retirement (slow down, keep active)
  • Retirement generally a good experience
  • For many, not working = relief from unsatisfying work
  • For many, work of another kind continues
  • Unpaid work at home; volunteer work
25
Q

Is retirement linked to meso and macro levels?

A

Main factors contributing to a good retirement: wealth & health

26
Q

Retirement at the Meso and Macro-level

A
  • Institutional arrangements due to economy:
  • Company/firm reaction to downturn, globalization?
  • Lay-offs? Incentive programs for early retirement?
  • retirement planning programs ?
  • phased retirement an option?
  • Nature of work affects retirement (push to retire; age factor, less productive perceived)
27
Q

Push factors for the timing of retirement

A
  • poor health
  • poor job conditions
  • poor labour market conditions (e.g., unemployed; difficulty in re-entering LF - ageism)
28
Q

Pull factors for the timing of retirement

A
  • family care
  • spouse retired
  • individual desire to retire
  • financial security-> pensions
29
Q

Being old doesn’t mean…

A

you’re going to be isolated and lonely

30
Q

Social Isolation

A
  • objective definition

- situations where a person does not have enough people to interact with

31
Q

Loneliness

A
  • subjective feeling that is manifested

- an individual’s experience of distress over not having enough social relationships or not enough contact with people

32
Q

Health effects of loneliness

A

heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, depression

33
Q

Different definitions of “social isolation”

A
  • A lack of contact or sustained interaction with individuals
  • A lack of quantity and quality of social contacts
  • A lack of meaningful social networks
  • A lack of an individual’s engagement in an interactive web of key relationships within communities
  • The distancing of an individual, psychologically or physically or both, from his or her networks of desired or needed relationships with other persons
34
Q

The degree to which individuals are embedded within different social networks

A

A sense of belonging

35
Q

Why does sense of belonging tend to decline with age?

A
  • (e.g., frequency of contact, size)
  • Less participation
  • Failure of social integration? (bias)
36
Q

The effect of social integration/participation on the micro, meso and macro level?

A
  • civic engagement (e.g., social activists)
  • community volunteer work
  • religious activities
  • family support (e.g., child care for adult children)
37
Q

What decreases through the life course transitions?

A
  • Retirement
  • Declining health
  • Bereavement (social isolation)
38
Q

What increases through other transitions?

A
  • Widowhood
  • reaching out to others
  • Labour market re-entry
39
Q

Macro-level analysis of social integration and participation

A
  • attention to: social inclusion vs. exclusion
  • Who is included, who is excluded and why?
  • Social policy issues
40
Q

Economic Exclusion

A
  • lower incomes after retirement, poverty

- risk of being socially excluded

41
Q

Civic (political participation) Exclusion

A

whether individuals are empowered to and can participate in political and organizational decisions

42
Q

Exclusion from Daily Basic Services

A

cutbacks in publicly funded services

43
Q

Exclusion from Urban Planning

A

non-age-friendly urban planning, unaffordable housing

44
Q

Creating age-friendly cities

A
  • The Case Study: The City of Manchester, UK
  • self-empowerment among the elderly
    • collective agency
    • fighting for social inclusion
45
Q

Promoting the Well-being of the Elderly

A
  • Creating meaningful social relations among the elderly
    • various needs
    • health issues (physical, mental and social)
  • Diversity & inequalities among the elderly
46
Q

An intersectionality approach takes what into consideration?

A
  • intersecting structured power relations of age, gender, race/ethnicity, social class, sexual orientation
47
Q

Social Exclusion of Elderly LGBT

A
  • Discrimination against LGBT within retirement facilities
  • Social stigma
  • Going back to the closet?
48
Q

Challenges faced by older immigrants in Canada

A
  1. Language Barriers
  2. Ethnic & Racial Discrimination
  3. Accessing formal services (e.g., health care)
    - segregation, isolation
49
Q

What needs to be done?

A
  • Micro-level social network (interpersonal interaction)
  • Meso-level involvement in the local communities
  • Macro-level socio-cultural embeddedness (in social programs & policies)

Aging (6 decks)

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