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Aging > Population Aging and Health > Flashcards

Population Aging and Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is considered old?

A

60-65 (sometime younger or older)

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2
Q

Old age is…

A

socially constructed idea

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3
Q

Aging population means…

A

rising average age within a population

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4
Q

What causes an aging population?

A

longer LE and lower BR

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5
Q

What do population pyramids tell us?

A

age composition

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6
Q

Age composition helps us..

A
  • Understand the changing population structure and its impact on a nation
  • Plan for government’s and individuals’ future expenditure
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7
Q

What is the difference between the age pyramid of Canadian Population between 1971 and 2010?

A

The pyramid for 1971 was wider at the base while for 2010 the widest pat is between 45-65 yrs.

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8
Q

3 Indicators of Population Aging

A
  1. % of population that is 65+
  2. Median age of a population
  3. Dependency ratio (DR)
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9
Q

What is the difference between developed and undeveloped countries?

A

Undeveloped countries such as Africa tend to have high birth rates and lower life expectancies. The opposite is true of developed countries.

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10
Q

Which countries are most developed?

A

Japan, Germany, Italy and France

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11
Q

Canada’s aging population can be attributed to…

A

longer LE and more people surviving at advanced old age (80-85 yrs)

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12
Q

Why is the % of population that is 65+ a problematic criteria?

A
  • creates them as a homogeneous group
    (differences should be attributed to structured social relations)
  • accumulated experience (more experience than in younger age groups)
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13
Q

young-old

A

65-74 yrs

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14
Q

middle-old

A

75-84 yrs

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15
Q

old-old

A

85-89 yrs

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16
Q

frail-old

A

90+

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17
Q

Median age of population

A

50th percentile of the entire population by age (higher in women than men)
- higher LE brings up the median

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18
Q

Dependency Ratio (DR)

A
  • Assumes people of certain ages are dependent or independent
  • Level of ‘dependency burden’
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19
Q

What is the DR formula?

A

DR = (dependents / independents)

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20
Q

Dependent means…

A

not working (relying on others for income)

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21
Q

Independent means…

A

financially independent and supporting themselves/others

22
Q

Aged DR

A

= (65+) / (20 to 64)

23
Q

Youth DR

A

= (0-19) / (20 to 64)

24
Q

Total DR

A

= [(65+) + (0-19)] / (20 to 64)

25
Q

DR trends in CAD overtime?

A

Fewer babies and more elderly are increasing the amount of dependents

26
Q

What does DR of .80 mean?

A

800 dependent individuals for every 1000 independent individuals

27
Q

Problematic assumptions with the DR concept

A
  • both dependents and independents are treated as homogenous groups
  • age cut-offs do not reflect current times
  • economic contribution is based on paid labour (ignores unpaid work)
28
Q

Alternative to DR with Labour Force (LF)

A

DR = (aged + youth) / (LF participants 15-64)

29
Q

Family DR

A

(# older parents 65+) / (# children)

30
Q

What is the problem with family DR?

A
  • some elderly people don’t have kids

- not perfect measurement

31
Q

Declining Fertility-> Population Aging

A
  • Total fertility rate Canada = 1.5; Africa 5.3
  • Higher fertility when Baby Boomers were born
    → large cohort
  • Ageing Baby Boomers (1946-1966) accelerate population ageing (large cohort getting old)
32
Q

Mortality

A

Mortality rates decrease = 2nd reason for population ageing

→ increased life expectancy (LE)

33
Q

LE @ birth

A

expected number of years of life for babies born in a particular population in a particular year

34
Q

LE @ age 65

A

expected # of remaining years of life for people aged 65 in a particular year

35
Q

LE @ age 85

A

(2001) males = 5.6 (=90.6), female = 7 (=92)

36
Q

Trends in Life Expectancy in CAD

A

Overall it’s increasing

37
Q

Health Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)

A
  • healthy life years
  • the # of remaining years that a person can live with good functional health
  • women spend more time in poor health than men do
38
Q

Compression of Morbidity

A

less time between being seriously ill or disabled and dying (indicator of quality of life)

  • some people post-pone aging until they get really old
  • African Americans suffer more due to social class
39
Q

Critique of Mortality

A

acute illness is less emphasized

40
Q

Causes of Death

A
  • Circulatory most common (e.g., stroke)
  • Followed by cancer, respiratory diseases
  • Women tend to live longer than men, but they live longer lives with more illness
  • The gender gap in LE narrows in advanced ages
41
Q

Immigration

A
  • Plays a small role in making a population younger
  • Immigrants want to bring family members
  • Will age themselves someday
42
Q

Canada’s older population primarily due to…

A
  1. declining fertility
  2. declining mortality
    - population age structure
43
Q

Gender in Aging

A
  • age 85+ (34.3% men, 65.64% women)
  • Gender difference in experiencing ageing
  • Life expectancy gap narrowing
  • Gender gap in LE narrow among educated and economically advantaged
44
Q

Ethnicity in Aging (Immigration patterns)

A
  • Current older population has a higher portion of foreign-born compared to previous cohorts in 2001 (early wave of immigration)
  • older cohorts were immigrants from European countries
  • Among 65+, 6.5% visible minority; increasing every year (family-class immigration, esp. Asian origin)
  • Aboriginal population is younger
  • Median age = 29.1 years (2016)
45
Q

Well-being in Old Age

A
  • The rising needs of health care as we get older

- Level of care assistance varies by age and other factors (such as?)

46
Q

Perception of Health in Old Age

A

Most older adults view themselves as psychologically healthy

  • gone through a lot in their lives
  • satisfied with mental health
  • except with people w/ dementia
47
Q

Chronic conditions do not always lead to functional disability or activity restrictions

A

perception of health

48
Q

Importance of health promotion prior to old age

A

successful aging

49
Q

Social determinants of health and disease prevention

A

relationship between structured social relations and lifestyle choices

  • HP and DP
  • education, income, neighbourhood
  • HALE
50
Q

Well-being in Old Age

A
  • Most older adults are not socially isolated, but have close ties with their family.
  • psychologically healthy
  • meaningful relationship
  • minorities (more vulnerable, risk of poor health and worse mental health)
51
Q

At Risk Population

A
  • Single elderly women with limited income who live alone (lost spouse makes them in a depressive state)
  • Vulnerable to poor physical and mental health
  • Higher likelihood of requiring care
  • Intersectionality of…
    • age, gender, marital status, living arrangement
    • some people can move beyond the depressive state
    • sexuality can also be a risk factor (e.g. retirement house for LGBTQ)

Aging (6 decks)

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