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IO Psychology > Work Motivation > Flashcards

Work Motivation Flashcards

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1
Q

Define motivation

A

Psychological processes that direct, energize, and maintain action toward a job, task, role, or project

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2
Q

2 theories on motivations

A
  1. Content theories
  2. Process theories
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3
Q

Explain content theories

A

Early theories documenting the various innate human needs that drive behavior / becoming old

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4
Q

Explain process theories

A

further examines our cognitive processes and their interaction with the situation to explain motivated behaviors

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5
Q

2 theories under process theories

A
  1. Endogenous process theories
  2. Exogeneous cause theories
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6
Q

Explain endogenous process theories

A

Focuses on cognitions within the individual that affect work motivations

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7
Q

Explain exogenous cause theories

A

Focuses on contextual influences that can affect work motivation

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8
Q

Other theories under endogenous theories

A
  1. Equity theory
  2. Expectancy theory
  3. Self-determination theory
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9
Q

Other theories under exogenous cause theories

A
  1. Self-determination theory
  2. Job characteristic model
  3. Goal-setting theory
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10
Q

Difference between equality and equity

A

Equality:
Treating everyone the same way

Equity:
Giving everyone what they need or deserve

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11
Q

2 different types of equity theories

A
  1. Negative inequity
    -> Receiving a smaller outcome-input ratio compared to the others
    -> More significant motivator
  2. Positive inequity
    -> Receiving a greater outcome-input ratio compared to others
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12
Q

What key aspects do people compare?

A
  1. Input
  2. Output
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13
Q

Examples of inputs

A
  1. Skills and abilities
  2. Effort expended
  3. Creativity
  4. Seniority
  5. Personal appearances
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14
Q

Examples of outputs

A
  1. Compensation and benefits
  2. Promotions
  3. Awards, status symbols
  4. Job security
  5. Challenging assignments
  6. Decision-making
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15
Q

How does inequity motivate behavior?

A
  1. People modify their behaviors
    -> Reduced inputs
    -> Maximize outcomes
  2. People modify their cognitions
    -> Distort perceptions
    -> Change comparison targets
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16
Q

Why is negative equity a more significant motivator than positive equity?

A

Over-rewarding yields very little returns from the good performer, while incurring substantial backlash from others

17
Q

2 types of motivations

A
  1. Intrinsic motivation
  2. Extrinsic motivation
18
Q

Define intrinsic motivation

A

A drive towards certain tasks because of personal interest, enjoyment, and other positive feelings towards the task

19
Q

Define extrinsic motivation

A

A drive towards certain tasks to attract incentives or avoid punishment from the environment

20
Q

Difference between controlled motivation and autonomous motivation

A

Controlled motivation:
I had to

Autonomous motivation:
I want to

21
Q

What are the 4 varying degrees of extrinsic motivation (from controlled motivation to autonomous motivation)

A
  1. External regulation
  2. Introjected regulation
  3. Identified regulation
  4. Integrated regulation
22
Q

Explain external regulation

A

Driven by external rewards and punishments

23
Q

Explain introjected regulation

A

Internalized rewards and punishments

24
Q

Explain identified regulation

A

Internalized goals, beliefs, and values from an external source

25
Q

Explain integrated regulation

A

Work is viewed as completely coherent with one’s personal beliefs, values, identity, and sense of self

26
Q

Explain Self-determination theory

A

The SDT views individuals as inherently self-motivated but only when they can satisfy all three psychological needs:
1. Competence
2. Autonomy
3. Relatedness

27
Q

Explain the 3 psychological needs in self-determination theory

A

Competence:
Need to feel capable and efficacious

Autonomy:
Need to experience self-direction and personal endorsement of one’s actions

Relatedness:
Need for warm and trustworthy interpersonal connections and belongings with others

28
Q

Define flow

A

A state of heightened focus and enjoyment in an activity, often described as being in the zone

29
Q

Flow is best found in activities that are:

A
  1. Slightly harder than one can manage
  2. In areas that one believes they are skillful in, and
  3. Gives quick feedback about performance
30
Q

What is the main cost of extrinsic rewards?

A

Salient extrinsic rewards often lead individuals to perceive that they are externally motivated, which may cause them to lose intrinsic interest in a task

31
Q

How is the perception of the external event critical?

A

If the external event appears to pressure for a particular outcome:
Perceived as informational -> increase in intrinsic motivation

If the external event does not appear to pressure a particular outcome:
Perceived as controlling -> decrease in intrinsic motivation

32
Q

Explain cognitive evaluation theory

A

Messages loaded with ‘should’, ‘if’ agendas and contingent rewards come across as controlling; thus do explicitly highlight positive behaviors

33
Q

Extrinsic rewards are more effective when they are:

A
  1. Unexpected
  2. Intangible/symbolic
34
Q

5 job design characteristics that increase intrinsic motivation according to Job Characteristics Model

A
  1. Skill variety
  2. Task Identity
  3. Task significance
  4. Autonomy
  5. Feedback
35
Q

Definition of skill variety

A

Variety in skills needed for the job

36
Q

Definition of task identity

A

Identifiable work from start to finish

37
Q

Definition of task significance

A

Having impact on other people

38
Q

Definition of autonomy

A

Freedom and flexibility to decide how and when to complete tasks

39
Q

Definition of feedback

A

Direct, timely, and clear information about one’s performance

IO Psychology (9 decks)

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