Work Book Flashcards
0
Q
What causes the formation of the lordotic curve in the lumbars?
A
Vertebral body and Intervertebral disc
1
Q
What is the shape of the lumbar vertebral body?
A
Reniform
2
Q
What muscles attach to the vertebral body in the lumbars?
A
Psoas major
Psoas minor
3
Q
The presence of a space between vertebral segments and the spinal cord terminating at L1 makes the lumbar region an excellent site for?
A
Spinal taps
4
Q
What shape is the vertebral Foramen of the lumbar region?
A
Triangular
5
Q
Congenital elongation of the accessory process greater than 15mm is called a?
A
Styloid process
6
Q
What are the general attachment sites of erector spinae muscles in the lumbar region?
A
Transverse process
Accessory process
Spinous process
7
Q
Having the zygapophysis on one side of a vertebral couple in the Sagittal plane and the zygapophysis on the opposite side in the coronal plane is called?
A
Joint tropism/joint asymmetry
8
Q
Spinous processes increasing in length as a result of aging and touching the adjacent spinous process is called?
A
Bastrup’s syndrome
Kissing spines
9
Q
The transverse process of L5 originates from the ____________, ___________, and _____________.
A
Vertebral body
Pedicle
Pars Interarticularis
10
Q
A defect in the pars Interarticularis region is called a?
A
Spondylolysis
11
Q
Bilateral spondylolysis that generates instability and causes anterior displacement of the vertebral body is?
A
Spondylolisthesis
12
Q
Cervical spondylolysis is more common in __________ at vertebral level_______.
A
More common in Men at C6
13
Q
A spondylolysis that appears darker in the pars area on oblique x-Ray is commonly referred to as a?
A
Collared Scotty dog
14
Q
What clinical condition fits the following description: associated with a pars defect, most common in men at L5/S1, increase in Sagittal diameter of spinal canal?
A
Isthmic spondylolisthesis
15
Q
What clinical condition fits the following description: women, L4/L5, Sagittal diameter of the spinal canal doesn’t increase?
A
Degenerative spondylolisthesis
16
Q
Elongation of the spinous process of L5 that enters the sacral spinal canal exhibiting spina bifida on extension is known as?
A
Knife-clasp syndrome
17
Q
The sacrum typically consists of how many fused segments?
A
5
18
Q
The posterior 1/3 of the sacral ala is the?
A
True transverse process
19
Q
The anterior 2/3 of the sacral ala is the?
A
Costal element
20
Q
The fusion of which vertebral parts form the median sacral crests?
A
Spinous process
21
Q
The fusion of which vertebral parts form the intermediate sacral crests?
A
Superior Articular processes and facets and S1 mammillary process
22
Q
The fusion of which vertebral parts form the lateral sacral crests?
A
Transverse tubercles
23
Q
What represents the ossification of the bulging superior Epiphyseal rim of S1?
A
Sacral promontory
24
Name the muscle that attaches to the mammillary process of S1?
Multifidis
25
What 2 erector spinae muscles attach to the median sacral crest?
Iliocostalis lumborum
| Longissimus thoracis
26
The coccyx typically consists of how many fused segments?
4
27
The occipital bone increasing in size or forming new ridges, prominences, or protuberances is called?
Cervicalization of occiput
28
What is the condition in which the chondrocranium persists longer than usual, and the skull appears to be sunk over C1 and/or C2?
Basilar impression
29
When the atlas fuses to the occipital bone, this is called?
Occipitalization of atlas/ assimilation of atlas
30
A subdental synchondrosis persisting beyond age 7 constitutes a?
Os odontoideum
31
A tip of the dens synchondrosis persisting beyond age 12 constitutes a?
Terminal ossicle
32
What are the facet orientations (S&I) at C6 if dorsalization of C7 occurs?
BUM; FoLD
33
Which gender is more likely to form a cervical rib?
Female
34
What percent of the population and gender bias is associated with lumbar ribs?
7% males
35
What are the facet orientations (S&I) at T11 if lumbarization of T12 occurs?
BUL; FoLD
36
Name the 2 main characteristics associated with lumbarization of S1?
Flaring of the sacral ala
| Squaring of the vertebral body of S1
37
The vertebra with the greatest variability in the body is?
L5
38
Which curves of the spinal column are considered primary?
Thoracic and SacroCoccygeal
39
Which curves of the spinal column are considered secondary?
Cervical and lumbar
40
Name the clinical condition of kyphosis/hypo lordotic curve in the Cervicals?
Military neck
41
Name the clinical condition of kyphosis/hyperkyphotic curve in thoracics?
Hunchback/humpback
42
What surface/facet and rib number articulate with the inferior costal demifacet of T5?
Rib 6
| Superior Articular facet
43
Which transversospinalis muscle groups attach to the T7 transverse process?
Semispinalis
Multifidis
Rotators
44
Which transversospinalis muscle groups attach to the T5 spinous process?
Semispinalis
Multifidis
Rotators
45
Which transversospinalis muscle lacks an attachment at the T10 spinous?
Semispinalis cervicis and capitis
46
What neural features occur in the vertebral Foramen of L3?
Cauda Equina
47
Which erector spinae muscles attach to the spinous process of T12?
Iliocostalis lumborum
| Spinalis thoracis
48
What unique ligaments of the vertebral body are observed in the lumbar spine?
Transforaminal ligaments
| Hoffman ligaments
49
Which muscles attach to the mammillary process?
Multifidis
| Intertransversarii
50
The mammilo-accessory ligament may entrap which neural structure?
Medial branch of dorsal primary ramus
51
Which erector spinae muscles attach to the L3 spinous process?
Iliocostalis lumborum
Longissimus thoracis
Spinalis thoracis
52
What muscles attach along the median sacral crest?
Latissimus Dorsi
Iliocostalis lumborum
Longissimus thoracis
53
What percent of the population undergoes cervicalization of T1?
28%
54
What is the time of appearance of the "adult" cervical curve?
Within the 1st year after birth
55
When does the lateral curve first appear?
After 6 years of age
56
Name the muscle groups that have dorsal ramus innervation?
```
Suboccipital
Splenius
Erector spinae
Levator costarum
Interspinalis
Transversospinalis
Intertransversarii
```
57
Which erector spinae muscle (specific) has an attachment to the ribs only?
Iliocostalis thoracis
58
Which erector spinae muscle group attaches from the base of the skull to the innominate?
Longissimus
59
Which erector spinae muscle group most likely attaches to the costal angle?
Iliocostalis
60
Which erector spinae muscle group most likely attaches to the spinous process?
Spinalis
61
Which erector spinae muscle group most likely attaches to the transverse process?
Longissimus
62
What is the primary low back pain muscle?
Multifidis
63
In the lumbars, the deepest Multifidis fibers are___________ and are homologous to the thoracic rotators.
Laminar fibers
64
The suboccipital muscles are thought to function as ____________ and are innervated by the ______________.
Postural stabilizers
| Dorsal ramus of C1
65
What suboccipital muscle does not have attachment to the skull?
Obliquus capitis inferior
66
The intertransversarii and the interspinalis muscle group function as?
Proprioceptive transducers
67
Give the 2 innervations on the intertransversarii?
Dorsal and ventral rami
68
All of the posterior muscles have a ___________ ramus innervation?
Ventral
69
Name the 6 classes of compounds of neuroactive substances?
```
ACH
Amino acids
Biogenic amines
Peptides
Purines
Gases
```
70
Name the 3 things chemoreceptors are sensitive to?
Increased H+ ions
Hypoxia
Hypercapnea
71
What are the 4 locations of bipolar neurons?
Olfactory epithelium
Retina
Vestibular and cochlea ganglia
72
Which sensory receptor (based on distribution-function classification) lies between exteroreceptors and interoreceptors?
Proprioceptors
73
The encapsulated nerve ending sensitive to sudden changes and vibration are?
Pacinian corpuscles
74
Which astrocyte population is located in the gray matter?
Protoplasmic astroglial cells
75
Which astrocyte population is located in the white matter?
Fibrous astrocytes
76
Name the 3 functions of astrocytes?
Glycogen metabolism
BBB
Clearance of ions and neurotransmitters
77
Which oligodendria population is observed in white matter?
Interfascicular
78
Microglial cells function in?
Phagocytosis
79
A Schwann cell can myelinate how many axons?
1 axon
80
An interfascicular oligodendrocyte can myelinate how many axons?
10-60
81
What is the location of primary sensory cell bodies?
Ganglion
82
What is the location of secondary sensory cell bodies?
Nucleus of termination
83
What are the branchial arch derived cranial nerves?
5,7,9,10,11
84
Which cranial nerves contain somatic efferent nerves?
3,4,6,12
85
Preganglionic parasympathetic motor fibers are ______; postganglionic parasympathetic motor fibers are _______.
Preganglionic are long
| Postganglionic are short
86
What cranial nerves exit from the anterior cranial fossa?
1
87
What cranial nerves exit from the middle cranial fossa?
2-6
88
What cranial nerves exit through the posterior cranial fossa?
7-12
89
Name the opening out of the cranial vault for the olfactory nerve?
Cribriform plate of ethmoid
90
Name the opening out of the cranial vault for the oculomotor?
Superior orbital fissure
91
Name the opening out of the cranial vault for the trochlear nerve?
Superior orbital fissure
92
Name the opening out of the cranial vault for the trigeminal branches?
Ophthalamic is superior orbital fissure
Maxillary is Foramen rotundum
Mandibular is Foramen ovale
93
Name the opening out of the cranial vault for the abducens nerve?
Superior orbital fissure
94
Name the opening out of the cranial vault for the facial nerve?
Internal acoustic meatus leaves vault
| Stylomastoid Foramen leaves skull
95
What is the anatomical classification of the olfactory nerve primary sensory neuron?
Bipolar
96
The central sensory process of the olfactory penetrate the cribriform plate of the ethmoid as?
Fila olfactoria
97
Secondary sensory neurons of olfaction are?
Mitral cells
98
What is the 1st through 5th order neurons of the optic nerve?
```
1st-photoreceptors
2nd- bipolar cell neurons
3rd- ganglionic cell (forms optic nerve)
4th- lateral geniculate nucleus
5th- primary visual cortex/Calcarine sulcus
```
99
What is the nucleus of termination for the optic nerve?
Lateral geniculate nucleus
100
Where is the brain center of interpretation for the optic nerve?
Primary visual cortex/Calcarine sulcus
101
What forms the optic nerve?
Axons of ganglionic cells
102
What is the nucleus of origin for the (somatic efferent) oculomotor nerve?
Oculomotor nuclear complex
103
Name the muscles the oculomotor (somatic efferent) innervates?
```
Superior Rectus
Medial Rectus
Inferior Rectus
Inferior oblique
Levator palpebrae superioris
```
104
What is the nucleus of origin for the (parasympathetic motor) oculomotor nerve?
Edinger-Westphal nucleus
| Accessory oculomotor?
105
What ganglion is associated with the parasympathetic motor of the oculomotor nerve?
Ciliary ganglion
106
Name the 2 muscles the parasympathetic motor oculomotor nerve innervates?
Sphincter pupillae
And
Ciliaris
107
Name the only sensory nucleus that contains primary sensory neuron cell bodies?
Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal
108
What is the nucleus of termination associated with somatic sensory of the oculomotor?
Spinal trigeminal nucleus
109
Name the ganglion associated with the somatic sensory of the oculomotor nerve?
Gasserian ganglion of 5
110
The somatic sensory pathways for cranial nerves 4 and 6 are the exact same as that for cranial nerve?
Cranial nerve 3
111
The trochlear nerve is the only nerve to originate where?
From the dorsal surface of the brain
112
The trochlear nerve is the only nerve to ________ from its nucleus of origin to ___________________?
Decussate to innervate a Contralateral muscle
113
Name the target muscle for the somatic motor branch of the trochlear nerve?
Superior oblique
114
Name the opening associated with the ophthalmic nerve?
Superior orbital fissure
115
Name the opening associated with the maxillary nerve?
Foramen rotundum
116
Name the opening associated with the mandibular nerve?
Foramen Ovale
117
Name the ganglion involved with the somatic sensory branch of the trigeminal nerve?
Gasserian ganglion
118
Name the nucleus of termination for the somatic sensory branch of the trigeminal nerve?
Spinal trigeminal nerve
119
Name the other 3 cranial nerves that communicate with the ophthalmic nerve?
3,4,6
120
Name the nucleus of origin of the branchial branch of the trigeminal nerve?
Trigeminal motor nucleus
121
Name the 8 muscles innervated bythe branchial branch of the trigeminal nerve?
```
Temporalis
Masseter
Mylohyoid
Anterior belly of Digastric
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
Tensor tympani
Tensor Veli Palatini
```
122
Name the nucleus of origin for the abducens nerve?
Abducens motor nucleus
123
Name the muscle the abducens innervates?
Lateral Rectus
124
Name the nucleus of origin for the branchial branch of the facial nerve?
Facial motor nucleus
125
The motor fibers of the branchial branch of the facial nerve exits the cranial vault via the?
Internal acoustic meatus
126
The motor fibers of the branchial branch of the facial nerve exit the skull via the?
Stylomastoid Foramen
127
Name the ganglion associated with the branchial branch of the facial nerve?
Geniculate
128
Name the muscles innervated by the branchial branch of the facial nerve?
```
Scalp
Muscles of the auricle
Stapedius
Stylohyoid
Posterior belly of Digastric
Buccinator
Platysma
```
129
Peripheral sensory processes of the somatic sensory branch of the facial nerve are initially carried by branches of cranial nerve?
10
130
Name the ganglion involved with the somatic sensory branch of the facial nerve?
Geniculate/genicular
131
Another name for the sensory root of cranial nerve 7 is?
Nervus intermedius/ nerve of wrisberg
132
Name the nucleus of termination for the somatic sensory branch of the facial nerve?
Spinal trigeminal nucleus
133
Peripheral sensory processes of the special visceral sensory branch of the facial nerve are from the?
Anterior 2/3 of the tongue
134
The peripheral sensory processes of the special visceral sensory branch of the facial nerve are initially carried in the _______________ and then continue into the ___________.
Lingual branch and then carried into the chorda tympani
135
Name the ganglion involved with the special visceral sensory branch of the facial nerve?
Geniculate
136
Name the nucleus of termination for the special visceral sensory branch of the facial nerve?
Gustatory nucleus of nucleus solitarius
137
Know the pathway to the lacrimal gland from the visceral motor branch of the facial nerve? Holy fuck....
```
Superior salivatory nucleus
Nervus intermedius
Geniculate ganglion
Great petrosal branch of facial nerve
Vidian nerve
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Maxillary nerve of 5
Zygomatic nerve
Zygomaticotemporal nerve
Lacrimal gland
```
138
What is the pathway of the visceral motor branch of the facial nerve to the submandibular/sublingual glands? Another fun one!!!
```
Superior salivatory nucleus
Nervus intermedius
Geniculate ganglion
Chorda tympani
Lingual nerve of 5
Submandibular ganglion
Glandular branches to submandibular and sublingual glands
Easy one!
```
139
What is the unique feature of the hair cells of the organ of corti?
Stereocilia
140
What is the ganglion associated with the hearing pathway of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
Spiral ganglion
| Bet you didn't expect that one...
141
The central sensory processes of the vestibulocochlear nerve leave the cranial vault through the?
internal acoustic meatus
142
What is the nucleus of termination of the hearing pathway of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
Cochlear nucleus
143
Name the locations for the hair cells dealing with equilibrium?
Macula of the utricle and saccule and the crista ampullaris of the ampulla of the semicircular ducts
144
What are the unique features of the hair cells of the equilibrium pathway of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
Stereocilia and a single kinocilium
145
What is the ganglion associated with the equilibrium pathway of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
Vestibular/scarpa's ganglion
146
The central sensory processes of the equilibrium pathway leave the cranial vault through the?
Internal acoustic meatus
147
What is the nucleus of termination for the equilibrium pathway?
Vestibular nucleus
148
What is the name of the nucleus of the branchial motor pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Nucleus ambiguus
149
Name the opening associated with the branchial motor pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Jugular Foramen
150
What is the target muscle of the branchial motor pathway of glossopharyngeal nerve?
Stylopharyngeus
151
What is the nucleus of origin for parasympathetic parotid gland pathway?
Inferior salivatory nucleus
152
After passing through the jugular Foramen, the preganglionic visceral efferent fibers of the parasympathetic parotid gland pathway become incorporated into the ______________ aka the nerve of ______________.
Incorporates into tympanic nerve aka the nerve of Jacobson
153
From the tympanic nerve plexus, the parasympathetic parotid gland pathway continues as the _____________ nerve which forms and exits the temporal bone via the ______________.
Lesser/superficial petrosal forms and exits the temporal bone via the hiatus for the lesser petrosal nerve
154
What is the name of the ganglion associated with the parasympathetic parotid gland pathway?
Otic/Arnold's ganglion
155
Postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers of the parasympathetic parotid gland pathway give rise to communicating nerves, which become incorporated into what nerve?
Auriculotemporal nerve
156
Name the ganglion associated with the somatic sensory pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Superior/jugular glossopharyngeal ganglion
157
Name the nucleus of termination associated with the somatic sensory branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Spinal trigeminal nucleus
158
The visceral sensory pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve starts with receptors located in the ____________ and the _____________.
Carotid sinus
| Carotid body
159
Name the ganglion associated with the visceral sensory path of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Inferior/petrosal glossopharyngeal ganglion
160
Name the nucleus of termination for the visceral sensory pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Gustatory nucleus of nucleus solitarius
161
Taste receptors for the taste sensation path of glossopharyngeal nerve are located on the?
Posterior 1/3 of the tongue
162
Name the ganglion associated with the taste sensation path of glossopharyngeal nerve?
Inferior/petrosal glossopharyngeal ganglion
163
Name the nucleus of termination for the taste sensation path of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Gustatory nucleus of nucleus solitarius
164
What is the location of the cell body of a primary sensory/afferent neuron?
Dorsal root ganglion
165
In spinal peripheral nerves, the synapse of the primary sensory neuron will be in the____________ on a secondary sensory neuron.
Dorsal horn
166
The visceral division of spinal peripheral nerves targets smooth muscle and is under what type of control?
Involuntary control
167
The subdivision of the visceral motor system with neurons aggregated along the GI tract is the?
Enteric
168
What lies between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers along the entire gut length and influences peristaltic activity?
Myenteric plexus of Auerbach
169
What lies between the circular layer and muscular is mucosa of the gut and influences the process of secretion/absorption?
Submucosal plexus of meissner
