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Development > Work and migration > Flashcards

Work and migration Flashcards

1
Q

In what ways are patterns emerging regarding work and employment?

A

The modern context of development (Hart 2009) causing social changes regarding work and employment

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2
Q

Why is saying changes to work and employment are taking place not universal?

A

Some places are experiencing changes at different rates

Also different employment rates for different sectors

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3
Q

Are pathways for migration unidirectional?

A

No, can be cyclical (rural-urban-rural) or more complicated depending on individual situations

(see King and Skeldon 2010)

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4
Q

How many internal migrants were there in 2009?

A

Approx 740 million internal migrants (UNDP 2009)

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5
Q

What are two models for migration and labour? What are the conclusions?

A
  1. Lewis Model (1954) - surplus labour needed to boost capital accumulation
  2. Harris-Todaro Model - surplus labour useless if wages and locations of work are not favourable

Surplus labour can lead to under-employment, so often migration doesn’t make development happen

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6
Q

How can development directly influence internal migration?

A
  • Push factors because of rural underdevelopment

- Pull factors because of urban economic development

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7
Q

How can the outcomes of migration be gendered?

A

There is a feminisation of agriculture after men leave

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8
Q

Why does the feminisation of agriculture once men have left result in major issues?

A
  • Men still inherit the land, despite moving elsewhere

- Patriarchal property ownership

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9
Q

What is a contemporary example of development promoting migration?

A
  • Dholera smart city in India
  • New pull factors

Datta 2015 - Malthusian approach, though

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10
Q

Who has written a critical peice on migration and development?

A

Li 2010

The opportunities in urban areas presented to migrants are a myth - there are many social and economic barriers

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11
Q

Why are demographics important for labour economics?

A
  • More young people generally = more econ growth (a healthy and able workforce)
  • But if young are unemployed it is a bigger issue as need to be supported by the state
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12
Q

What SDG covers decent work?

A

SDG 8 is decent work (linked explicitly in the context of economic growth)

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13
Q

Alongside the Intl Labour Organisation Decent Work agenda, where else in the intl development discourse has work become a focus?

A

WB 2013 jobs focus

UNDP 2015 focus on work

A post-2009 rethink? Always in the social interest?

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14
Q

Are employment increases good?

A

Not always!

  • Not every job is a decent, fair or good job
  • Jobs can be in shortage
  • Aggregate employment overlooks rates in different sectors

Also other factors beyond formal work

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15
Q

Does work just include official employment?

A

No, in fact official employment represents a small proportion of all work

  • Also informal employment and work
  • Production of petty commodities
  • Social reproduction and production
  • Other things considered to be externalities
  • Child and slave labour
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16
Q

What does NEET stand for?

A

Not in Education Employment or Training

i.e. those who are not employed or preparing to be employed

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17
Q

How many people are employed in wage labour in India?

A

About 20%

18
Q

What was the impact of covid on jobs in India?

A

A sudden shock, making work precarious immanently

19
Q

When was the Mahatma Gandhi National Employment Guarantee Act passed? What does it do?

A

2005

  • Guarantees employment
  • Employment created close to home
  • People given work for 100 days
  • Payment v low (£1.50/day)
20
Q

What is the primary example of aspirational work in India?

A

Call centres - since 2005 ish

21
Q

At what scale does the race to the bottom occur?

A
  • Mainly at the local/regional scale where the effects are felt
  • But part of a wider global scale through global production networks and outsourcing cheap work
22
Q

Is migration a one-time event?

A

No, it is a long-lasting bi- (multi?) direction event

23
Q

Does migration cause economic growth?

A

No, economic growth promotes migration

Potts 2016 empirical study

24
Q

What other aspect besides wage work needs to be decent for migration to be benefitial?

A

Food security (v common for migrant households) - an important factor for development in general

Crush 2013

25
Q

Does migration only matter to the person who has moved?

A

No, remittances etc mean that “stretched households” exist

Crush 2013

26
Q

Why is the focus on food security by Crush (2013) misleading?

A

It is tied to incomes and other domestic economic factors

Implies food security is independent of economy

27
Q

Where is oversupply of labour because of migration evidenced in literature?

A

In the Grapes of Wrath

28
Q

Are there social drivers of economic exclusion for migrants?

A

Yes, including stigma from locals directed towards newcomers

Brown 2015

29
Q

Is work in cities always good work?

A

No, can be insecure and unhealthy

Cobbinah et al 2015

30
Q

Does decent (or indecent) work occur in isolation?

A

No, it is part of a wider global production networks

Barrientos et al 2011 - but no focus on mitigating impacts

31
Q

Why are informal agendas (i.e., not in legislation) such as Corporate Social Responsibility and Decent Work of limited use in the real world?

A

Will corporations be benevolent in a neoliberal world of capital being favoured over the needs of workers?

Barrientos 2008

32
Q

Does population growth in a place always increase productivity through the “demographic dividend”?

A

NO

Chandrasekhar et al 2006 have shown that skills are more important (overlooks race to bottom, though)

Also Potts

Not just the quantity of labour, but also the type of labour (and the quantity of each type)

33
Q

What are the “working poor”?

A

In work, but also in poverty (Lerche 2012)

About 21-39% of world population

34
Q

What counts as decent work?

A

Not too clear - needs to incorporate many aspects of life beyond wage work

Lerche, 2012

35
Q

What does “decent work” not seek to do?

A

Does not seek to liberate workers, but rather seeks to provide good, secure employment

36
Q

In what ways does the official decent work agenda (ILO 2012) extend beyond formal employment?

A

Also includes social protection and more workplace democracy

(Lerche 2012; IOL 2011)

37
Q

How is the ILO “Decent Work” agenda at odds with the global political economy?

A
  • It is a Social Democratic agenda - part of wider ILO agenda
  • Not favourable among corporations
  • Only voluntary, not legally enforced

Lerche 2012

38
Q

Why can unemployment be seen as worse than work?

A

“when unemployed they discover that even worse than being exploited is not being exploited” (Sachs 2004)

39
Q

How can an essay on decent work and migration be structured?

A
  1. Decent work available and can help
  2. But can be oversupplied
  3. And overlooks idiosyncratic aspects of migrants’ lives
  4. So of limited benefit without wider changes to the economy
40
Q

Does Neoliberalism really mean “flexible work”?

A

No, it really means flexible /employment/ for many

Brenner 2002 - the Northern context

Development (8 decks)

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