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Development > The theoretical historiographies of Development > Flashcards

The theoretical historiographies of Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are three ways of conceptualising development in the broadest sense?

A
  1. An idea with a destination
  2. A process
  3. A desire

All three are contested, and all essentialist towards humans

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2
Q

What is a cynical side of development?

A

Neo-colonial aspects involved in the production of space, capitalism and spatial fix resulting in people and resources being exploited

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3
Q

Who demarkated the North-South development line?

A

Brandt 1980

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4
Q

How is big D development measured? Issues?

A
  • Material wealth and welfare
  • GDP as a metric, more recently also purchasing power
  • Does not account for “negative externalities”
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5
Q

What is a good source for unequal benefits of Development for instigators?

A

Easterly 2004

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6
Q

What seminal text highlighted that hunter-gatherer societies actually have more leisure time?

A

Marshall Sahlins, 1972

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7
Q

In what ways is Development contested?

A

Ontologically, epistemologically and discursively

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8
Q

What was early modernisation theory concerned with?

A

Post-war (1949)State-led development

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9
Q

When did Harry S. Truman deliver his 4-point speech?

A

1949 presidential inauguration

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10
Q

What philosophy was modernisation grounded in?

A

Enlightenment ideas of progress and empiricism, replacing colonialism

Also manifest destiny

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11
Q

When were the British Colonial Development + Welfare acts? What did they do?

A
  • 1929 and 1940, respectively

- Focussed on efficiency and improvement

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12
Q

When was the IMF and WB founded?

A

1944

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13
Q

When was the Marshall plan implemented?

A

1948-52

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14
Q

What less obvious reason was there behind the Marshall Plan 1948-52?

A

Anti-communism

It was the first major aid package give to post war Europe and other parts of the world to effectively bribe countries into supporting Capitalism

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15
Q

When was the UNDP founded?

A

1965

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16
Q

What did the UNDP seek to do initially?

A

Create linear pathways for improvement for third world countries so that they could become more like first world countries, supposedly

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17
Q

What are 5 key critiques for modernisation theory in the post-WW2 context?

A
  1. Uneven
  2. Ignorance for the environment (dams!) and genders
  3. West more economically powerful in markets, displaced local industries (prod of space!)
  4. Land was privatised to facilitate Development
  5. Generally used western capitalist ideas and applied them elsewhere unsuccessfully
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18
Q

What marked the end of the Modernisation era?

A

The 1970s fuel crisis

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19
Q

How do tradition and modernity interact?

A

Tradition does not exist without modernity

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20
Q

How does Hart 2009 see (in analogy) the change between Keynesian and neoliberal approaches to development?

A

Bretton woods -> Dollar/Wall street regime

Hart 2009

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21
Q

How was the Bretton Woods regime portrayed by monetarists?

A
  • The state “interfering” with the global economy

- Corruption (technically true re geopolitical aspects)

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22
Q

What three crises promted the shift from the Bretton Woods to the Dollar/Wall St. regimes?

A
  1. Oil crisis in US
  2. Third-world economic crisis
  3. Debt crisis

CITATION?

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23
Q

What does Import Substitution Industrialisation (ISI) involve?

A
  • Protecting some industries - used by social democratic countries (Finland with Nokia; also S. Korea)
  • Allows economy to “walk before it can run” (Chang, 2010)
  • Fixed exchange rates prevents goods from being sold internationally
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24
Q

Why do we need to care about the informal economy?

A

It is not valued in metrics and contributes to the production of petty commodities (Hart, 1985)

25
Q

What is troublesome about Keith Hart’s analysis of the informal economy (1985)?

A

Voyeuristic views of the suffering that exists in informal spaces

26
Q

What is one “benefit” of the SAPs introduced in the 1980s?

A

Were evenly distributed to countries - no third world country was advantaged

27
Q

Give 3 implications of the SAPs

A
  1. Social misery
  2. More inequality without industries and state support
  3. Unaccountability of IMF and WB
28
Q

What does the SAP program highlight surrounding geopolitics and development?

A

Took advantage of the free market to shape economic relations in favour of the US

29
Q

What is the fundamental irony of neoliberalism?

A

Markets need the state and institutions to work - highlighted in moral risk and 2009 crash

This is really what the post-Washington consensus
is

30
Q

What 3 things characterise the post-Washington consensus?

A
  1. Institutions
  2. Democracy
  3. Participation (but what is good governance?)
31
Q

What is one fundamental problem which methodologically neoliberalism overlooks?

A

Any form of capitalism relies upon debt of some sort, which systemically leads to crises (the tendency cannot be eradicated)

Varoufakis 2013

32
Q

What is anti-politics?

A

When participation moves attention away from the gov, so more dubious things can be done by the gov

(Ferguson 1994)

33
Q

Why was democratising capitalism important politically for the post-washington paradigm?

A

In the past (esp. Bretton-Woods), authoritarian leaders seen as good, so long as they were anti-socialist

(SEE PT4 Ethiopia!)

34
Q

In what way does Sen 1981 see democracy as important?

A

“Famines are impossible without democracy” (Sen 1981)

Critique?

35
Q

Does democracy (always?) cause economic growth and benefits to citizens?

A

China has also seen substantial (or even better) economic improvement, despite being an autocracy

Yagai 2017

36
Q

What are the three overall stages of Development historically?

A
  1. Bretton Woods
  2. Neoliberal Dollar-Wall street
  3. Post-Washington participation within neoliberalism
37
Q

Does everyone in a community get on? Implications for development?

A
  • No, communities are often contested (Leach et al 1999)

- Issues surrounding true participation and having an equal voice

38
Q

What are the 3 stages of South-South cooperation?

A
  1. Socialist and solidarity origins. Trade and cooperation
  2. 2000s more loans and the rise of BRICs, more western involvement. Aid more blurred N-S etc
  3. Post 2009 loss of solidarity, a turn to self interest
39
Q

How has infrastructure returned after Covid?

A

Seen as an economic stimulus akin to the New Deal, except based on market forces

40
Q

What is the issue with mega-projects?

A

They tend to attract media attention as spectacles, without economic benefits

41
Q

What is a good example of megaprojects?

A

Megadams (vis-a-vis small-scale dams)

42
Q

What, from a theoretical Marxist perspective, is the primary issue with megaprojects?

A

They are involved in the creative destruction of capitalism, leading to displacement (Gellent and Lynch 2003)

43
Q

What is debt-trap deplomacy?

A

When unrealistic duties force countries to become dependent on the donor (e.g. china) to build infrastructure which disproportionately benefits the donor

44
Q

How is indigeneity related to modernity?

A

Modernity creates indigeneity by portraying`“pre-modern” societies as “backward”

45
Q

How can people be indigenous?

A
  • Identity (how to prove?)

- Genetic (DNA tests?)

46
Q

Are all indigenous groups homogenous?

A

No there are internal divisions (Gupta, 2004)

47
Q

Is financialisaton taking place within or as development?

A
  • unclear as it is still occurring

- Links to Hart 2009

48
Q

Why is risk taking with finance for development problematic?

A
  • Private sector sees risk taking as efficient
  • Often reluctant to take big risk when it comes to big social consequences
  • Fundamentally problematic when taking risks backfire
49
Q

What has always been the primary facilitator of development?

A

Technology

50
Q

Who linked technology to development?

3 sources

A

Parsons 1985 - lack of tech = underdevelopment

Lerner 1958 and modernising traditional societies

Rogers 1962 - Diffusion of innovations

51
Q

Give one example of unintended benefits of technologies?

A

Mosquito nets in Uganda used as fishing nets

Baume et al 2009

52
Q

When was the green revolution?

A

1960s - sought to modernise agriculture

53
Q

What is the Collingridge Dilemma?

A

Not knowing the social consequences of tech and innovations

Essentially about uncertainty

54
Q

How does d/Development link to Polanyi?

A

D is embedded within d, but also increasingly vice-versa too through private development innitiatives

(Mawdsley and Taggard 2021)

55
Q

What is the problem with goals and development?

A

Set targets for funding which can diverge attention away from the actual projects

56
Q

What is an important question to ask locals (a form of participation) when undertaking development?

A

“When was it going well for you” - yet there is a significant generational barrier…

57
Q

What needs to change the most with contemporary development practices?

A
  • The little d development - too neoliberal

- Big D is just part of the neoliberal paradigm (Mawdsley 2021)

58
Q

When was the Bandung conference? Why was it significant?

A

April 1955

Start of South-South cooperation

59
Q

What does the “financialisaton” era of Development entail?

A
  • Development financed by financial markets and private investment
  • No longer paid for by the state so much
  • Occurring alongside a privatisation of Development since the 80s

Development (8 decks)

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