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AP Physics > Work and Energy Notes (Etkina 6 & Knight 8.3 & 10) > Flashcards

Work and Energy Notes (Etkina 6 & Knight 8.3 & 10) Flashcards

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1
Q

work is equivalent to changes in the system’s

A

energy

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2
Q

higher above Earth: greater

A

gravitational potential energy

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3
Q

faster an object is moving: greater

A

kinetic energy

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4
Q

elastic potential energy is the energy associated with an elastic object’s

A

degree of stretch

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5
Q

greater stretch/compression: greater

A

elastic potential energy

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6
Q

energy associated with both temperature and structure is called

A

internal energy

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7
Q

when the external force is in the direction of the object’s displacement, the external force does …, causing the system to …

A

positive work; gain energy

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8
Q

if the external force points opposite a system object’s displacement, the external force does …, causing the system’s energy to …

A

negative work; decrease

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9
Q

in the external force points perpendicular to a system object’s displacement, the external force does … work on the system, causing … to its energy

A

zero; no change

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10
Q

work is a … physical quantity. F is always …, distance (d) is always …. Only … can negate the value for work

A

scalar; positive; positive; the angle

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11
Q

if there is no work done on the system, the energy of the system should be

A

constant

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12
Q

energy is a … quantity: it is constant in an … system and changes as a result of … done on a … system

A

conserved; isolated; work; nonisolated

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13
Q

law of conservation of energy: the sum of the initial energies of a system plus the work done on the system by external forces equals the sum of the

A

final energies of the system

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14
Q

it is preferable to have a … system so that the changes occurring can be included as … within the system rather than as the … done by external forces

A

larger; energy changes; work

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15
Q

the gravitational potential energy of an object-Earth system is Ug =

A

mgy

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16
Q

y is the position of the object with respect to the … of a … coordinate system

A

zero; vertical

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17
Q

if earth is not included in the system, earth would be an … doing … on the system. The choice of system, though, … affect the result of analysis

A

external object; positive work; does not

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18
Q

when you stretch or compress an elastic spring-like object, you have to pull or push harder the more the object is stretched or compressed. the force is not …

A

constant

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19
Q

the coefficient of proportionality, k, in the equation F= kx, is called the ….

A

spring constant

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20
Q

… springs have larger values of k

A

stiffer

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21
Q

for k = 1 N/m, to stretch a spring by 1.0 m we would have to exert a

A

1.0 N force

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22
Q

Hooke’s law: if any object causes a spring to stretch/compress, the spring exerts an … on that object. The spring constant k is measured in N/m and is a measure of the …. of the spring
X or l is the … that the object has been stretched/compressed
F =

A

elastic force; stiffness; distance; kx

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23
Q

elastic potential energy equation: Us =

A

1/2kx^2

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24
Q

a change in the internal energy can be caused by

A

friction

25
Q

change in internal (thermal) energy =

A

friction force * d

26
Q

for change in internal energy, friction force is …, increase in internal is shared between the … and the …

A

average; moving object; surface

27
Q

the rate at which conversion of energy occurs is called

A

power

28
Q

the power of a process is the amount of some type of … converted into a different type divided by the … in which the process occurred. if the process involves external forces doing work, then power can also be defined as the magnitude of the … done on or by the system divided by the … needed for that work to be done

A

energy; time interval; work; time interval

29
Q

power is defined in …, which is …

A

watts; 1 joule/second

30
Q

1 horsepower (hp) = … W

A

746

31
Q

a force that restored a system to an equilibrium position is called a …. systems that exhibit such restoring forces are called …

A

restoring force; elastic

32
Q

when no forces act on a spring to compress or extend it, it will rest at its …

A

equilibrium length

33
Q

spring force is proportional to the … of the end of the spring –> … relationship

A

displacement; linear

34
Q

if k is large, it takes a … pull to cause a significant stretch, and we call the spring a “…” spring. If k is small, we can stretch the spring with …. force, and we call it a “…” spring

A

large; stiff; very little; soft

35
Q

energy of one kind can be … into energy of another kind

A

transformed

36
Q

energy transformations are changes of energy … the system from one form to another

A

within

37
Q

an exchange of energy between system and environment is called an …. Two primary processes: … and …

A

energy transfer; work; heat

38
Q

work: … transfer of energy to or from a system by …/… it

A

mechanical; pushing; pulling

39
Q

heat: … transfer of energy from the environment to the system (or vice versa) because of a … between the two

A

nonmechanical; temperature difference

40
Q

no work is done on an …. system, and therefore, the total energy of such a system is …

A

isolated; conserved

41
Q

in order for energy to be transferred as work, the system must undergo a … during the time that the force is applied

A

displacement

42
Q

the larger the displacement, the … the work done. the stronger the force, the … the work done

A

greater; greater

43
Q

the … is the unit of all forms of energy

A

joule

44
Q

work is a … quantity, having a magnitude but no …

A

scalar; direction

45
Q

a force does the greatest possible amount of work on an object when the force points in the … as the object’s …

A

same direction; displacement

46
Q

the sign of work is determined entirely by the … between the … and the …

A

angle theta; force; displacement

47
Q

the total work is the sum of the work done by each …. and represents the total … to the system from the environment or from the system to the environment

A

force; energy transfer

48
Q

if the object undergoes no displacement while the force acts, … work is done. a force … to the displacement does no work. if the part of the object on which the force acts undergoes …, no work is done

A

no; perpendicular; no displacement

49
Q

translational kinetic energy: kinetic energy of an object moving along a … or some other …

A

line; path

50
Q

the kinetic energy of a rolling object is always … than that of a nonrotating object moving at the same speed

A

greater

51
Q

stored energy –> … energy –> has the … to be converted into other forms of energy

A

potential; potential

52
Q

interaction forces that can store useful energy (e.g. gravitational/ elastic potential energy) are called … forces. mechanical energy of a system is conserved when only … act

A

conservative; conservative forces

53
Q

nonconservative force example:

A

friction

54
Q

only … in potential energy are significant, when it comes to analyzing potential energy

A

changes

55
Q

gravitational potential energy depends only on the … of an object and not on the … the object took to get to that position

A

height; path

56
Q

spring force is not a … force, so … is used

A

constant; average

57
Q

the sum of the kinetic and potential energies is called the … of the system

A

mechanical energy

58
Q

the mechanical energy is conserved for an … system without …

A

isolated; friction

59
Q

a collision in which mechanical energy is conserved is called a … collision. the collision must obey two conservation laws: conservation of … and conservation of …. Although the energy is transformed into potential energy during the collision, the mechanical energy before and after the collision is purely ….

A

perfectly elastic; momentum; mechanical energy; kinetic energy

AP Physics (8 decks)

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