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AP Physics > Ch 1 (Etkina) Notes > Flashcards

Ch 1 (Etkina) Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

When describing motion, we need to focus on two important aspects: the … whose motion we are describing (the …) and the … who is doing the describing (the …)

A

object; object of interest; person; observer

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2
Q

Motion is a change in an object’s …. relative to a …. during a certain change in ….

A

position; given observer; time

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3
Q

Without identifying the observer, it is impossible to say whether the object of interest

A

moved

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4
Q

physicists say motion is …., meaning that the motion of any object of interest depends on the …. of the observer

A

relative; point of view

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5
Q

people intuitively use … as the object of reference- the object with respect to which they …

A

earth; describe motion

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6
Q

what we view as the object of reference influences how we

A

describe motion

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7
Q

specifying the observer before describing the motion of an object of an interest is an extremely important part of constructing what physicists call a

A

reference frame

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8
Q

a reference frame includes an …, a …. with a … for measuring …, and a … to measure …

A

object of reference; coordinate system; scale; distances; clock; time

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9
Q

if the object of reference is large and cannot be considered a point-like object, it is important to specify where on the object of reference the … of the coordinate system is placed

A

origin

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10
Q

(reference frame includes) an object of reference with a specific …. on it

A

point of reference

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11
Q

(reference frame includes) a coordinate system, which includes one or more …., and an …. located at the … it also includes a … for specifying … along the xes

A

coordinate axes; origin; point of reference; scale; distances

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12
Q

(reference frame includes) a clock which includes an … called … and a unit of measurement for specifying … and ….

A

origin in time; t=0; time; time intervals

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13
Q

one-dimensional/linear motion is a model of motion that assumes that an object, considered as a …., moves along a …

A

point-like object; straight line

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14
Q

when the object travels at constant speed, the dots are

A

evenly spaced

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15
Q

when the object slows down, the dots get

A

closer

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16
Q

when the object moves faster and faster, the dots get

A

farther apart

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17
Q

we can represent motion in even more detail by adding … to each dot that indicate which … the object is moving and how … it is moving as it passes a particular position

A

velocity arrows; way; fast

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18
Q

dot diagrams + velocity arrows is

A

motion diagram

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19
Q

the longer the arrow, the … the motion

A

faster

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20
Q

vectors have … and …

A

direction; magnitude

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21
Q

velocity change arrow (Δv→) indicates change in … on …

A

velocity; motion diagram

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22
Q

a velocity change arrow is a … indication

A

qualitative

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23
Q

a velocity change arrow points in the same direction as the velocity arrows when object is …. it points in the opposite direction when the object is …

A

speeding up; slowing down

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24
Q

when velocity changes are the same for each time interval, all of the velocity change arrows will be the …, so we only need use … for the whole motion diagram

A

same length; one

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25
Q

time described in two ways:
time: the … clock reading
time interval (…): the … clock readings

A

actual; Δt; difference in

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26
Q

time and time interval are

A

scalar quantities

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27
Q

position: object’s … with respect to the …

A

location; coordinate system

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28
Q

displacement: … quantity that defines the change in … (…)

A

vector; position; Xf - Xi

29
Q

distance: … of …

A

magnitude; displacement

30
Q

path length: how … the object moved as it traveled from …

A

far; initial position to final position

31
Q

the quantity determined through subtracting Xf-Xi is called …. or simply …., appreviated…

A

x-scalar component of the displacement; x-component of the displacement; dx

32
Q

kinematics: description of

A

motion

33
Q

the slope of an x-t graph equals … = ….

A

X2- X1 / t2 - t1 = Δx/Δt m/s

34
Q

the slope of an x-t graph indicates how the object’s … changes with respect to …, tells … relative to ….

A

position; time; direction of motion; coordinate axis

35
Q

the slope of an x-t graph is equal to

A

velocity

36
Q

velocity = .. + …

A

speed; direction

37
Q

V= Δx/Δt is only for

A

constant velocity linear motion

38
Q

speed is the … and is always …

A

magnitude of velocity; positive

39
Q

V=Δx/Δt can be arranged to devise the following equation:

A

X2 = X1 + Vx(t2-t1)

40
Q

applying X2 = X1 + Vx(t2-t1) for time zero, when initial position is X0, the equation can be written as

A

X= X0 + Vx*t

41
Q

Rearranging the equation for an object’s position (X= X0 + Vx*t ) yields …, this is … and is also the … on the v-t graph

A

x - x0 = vx*t;

displacement; area

42
Q

for motion with constant velocity, the magnitude of the displacement of an object is the … between a v-t graph line and the …. between the time readings

A

area; time axis

43
Q

displacement is the area with a + sign when velocity is …, and area with - sign when velocity is …

A

positive; negative

44
Q

instantaneous velocity: velocity of an object at a

A

particular time

45
Q

for accelerating objects, v = Δx/Δt can’t be used to determine …, but it can be used to find …

A

instantaneous velocity; average velocity

46
Q

acceleration characterizes the rate at which

A

velocity of an object is changing

47
Q

when object is moving along a straight line and the slope of the v-t graph is constant, acceleration follows this formula:

A

ax = Δvx/ Δt

48
Q

average acceleration during a time interval: a =

A

Δv/ Δt

49
Q

If Δt is very small, acceleration defined by the equation Δv/Δt is .., not …

A

instantaneous; average

50
Q

units of acceleration:

A

m/s^2

51
Q

it’s possible for an object to have … velocity and … acceleration: e.g. when an object starts ..

A

zero; nonzero; moving from rest

52
Q

when object starts moving from rest, Vi is

A

0

53
Q

an object can have .. velocity and … acceleration eg. if an object moves at …

A

nonzero; zero; constant velocity

54
Q

If, for linear motion, t0=0, acceleration can be defined as:

A

ax = (vx - v0x)/ t - 0

55
Q

ax = (vx - v0x)/ t - 0 can be arranged to get

A

Vx = V0x + ax*t

56
Q

(displacement from constant a) for constant acceleration, noting that displacement is the area for the v-t graph, we can find this area by separating the graph into a

A

triangle and rectangle

57
Q

(displacement from constant a) area of the triangle is

A

1/2bh

58
Q

(displacement from constant a) base in this case is … which equals …, as initial time starts at … and is …

A

Δt; t - 0; origin; 0

59
Q

(displacement from constant a) height in this case

A

Δv

60
Q

(displacement from constant a) area of triangle is therefore

A

A = 1/2(t - 0)(vx - v0x)

61
Q

(displacement from constant a) vx - vox = ax*t so area of triangle can be rewritten as

A

A = 1/2(t)(axt) = 1/2ax*t^2

62
Q

(displacement from constant a) area of rectangle is width * height which therefore =

A

Arect = Vx0 * (t-0)

63
Q

(displacement from constant a) thus, the area between curve and time axis (displacement) is:

A

x - x0 = arect + atriangle

x = x0 + V0xt + 1/2ax*t^2

64
Q

alternate equation for linear motion with constant acceleration

A

2ax (x - x0) = (Vx)^2 - (V0x)^2

65
Q

we can represent the motion of a falling ball mathematically using the equations of motion for constant acceleration with Ay =

A

9.8 m/s^2

66
Q

For free fall (vertical motion), Vy =

A

V0y + ayt = V0y + (9.8 m/s^2)t

67
Q

for free fall, displacement equation with acceleration becomes, y =

A

y0 + v0yt + 1/2(9.8 m/s^2)t^2

68
Q

the magnitude of an object’s acceleration while falling without air resistance is given a special symbol, …, where it = …

A

g; 9.8 m/s^2

69
Q

for an object that is at rest and remains at rest, the instant the object is not moving, its acceleration =

A

0 m/s^2

AP Physics (8 decks)

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