word recognition lectures 1 and 2 Flashcards
what are the features of visual word recognition in literate adults?
fast and automatic
flexible
precise
who investigated event related potentials for word recognition?
Dufau et al, 2015
what did Dufau et al find out about event word processing ERPS?
language processing takes around 400ms
presented words and nonwords to participants
pressed a button if the word that appeared was not a word
what is typicality?
how common a word or concept is within a specific category or context
what is lexicality?
whether a stimulus forms a legitimate word in a specific language
whether it has an entry in the mental lexicon
who investigated fast and automatic processing?
Stroop, 1935
what did Stroop find out about processing?
no difference between reading the word in incompatible colours vs reading words in black ink
slower responses to read the ink colour for incompatible colours vs compatible colours
what did Bisson et al, 2012 find out about film watching?
people tried to read the subtitles even if the language was unknown
what is the procedure for masked priming?
mask
prime
target
what is the duration of a prime?
30-250ms
short time so unaware of what the prime is
what does orthographic mean?
recognising written language systems
what does phonological mean?
interpreting speech sounds
what is orthographic priming?
presenting written words in a way which makes it difficult for participants to consciously perceive them
what is phonological priming?
presenting auditory information in a way which makes it difficult for participants to consciously perceive
what did Ferrand and Grainger find out about orthographic priming?
participants responded faster and more accurately to target words which were orthographically similar to the masked prime words
what did Ferrand and Grainger find out about phonological priming?
effect took longer but facilitation in processing target words that had a phonological overlap with the masked primes
how is word processing flexible?
able to read different types of handwriting
can read words in different orders
can read even if case alteration has occurred
what did Perea et al, 2015 find about case alteration?
word BeAst
wanted to see if we read this as beast or bat
lowercase primes or alternating case primes did not impair word recognition
what did Moret-Tatay et al, 2011 investigate?
do serifs provide an advantage in the recognition of written words
Moret-Tatay et al, 2011- serifs- procedure
looked at 160 words and 160 non words
lexical decision task
Moret-Tatay et al, 2011- serifs- results
sans serif words (no lines) were recognised 19ms faster than words written in serif font
is orthographic processing unique to humans?
no
what did Grainger et al, 2012 investigate?
baboons and orthography
what was the procedure to investigate baboons and orthography?
baboons were trained to discriminate English words from non words
food was the incentive
50 words and non words (which had no meaning for the baboons)
what were the results for baboons and orthography?
results were higher than the 50% which would occur due to chance
what is position specific coding?
each letter is associated with a certain position
who proposed the interactive activation model?
McClelland and Rumelhart, 1981
what is the interactive activation model?
interconnected nodes represent different levels of linguistic information
these nodes form a network, where activation spreads between them
excitation and inhibitions
what is excitation in word processing?
word activated
what is inhibition in word processing?
word not activated
what are word nodes?
correspond to specific words in a mental lexicon
what is lateral inhibition?
when one word node is activated, it inhibits other word nodes
what is the resting level activation for words?
between -0.046 and 0
what is the node’s activation based on?
the amount of inhibition and activation it has received from other nodes
what does the activation of each node vary between?
-0.2 and 1.0
what is the word recognition threshold?
word recognition is assumed to take place when a node reaches a certain amount of activation
who investigated transposition priming?
Forster et al (1987)
what is transposition?
switching the position of adjacent letters in the base word
how did Forster et al investigate transposition priming?
masked priming lexical decision task
prime shown for 60ms
target presented in upper case
others words were transposed, substituted and a control (random word)
what were the findings of transposition priming?
faster responses for transposed and substituted words compared to a control
who investigated relative position priming?
Grainger et al, 2006
what is the relative position priming effect?
target word recognition is facilitated due to priming the word with some of its letters, maintaining their relative position
how did Grainger investigate relative position priming?
masked priming lexical decision task
looked at orthographic neighbours (only differ by one letter)
what did Grainger find out about relative position priming?
the presentation of orthographic neighbours of a word facilitated the recognition of the target word compared to unrelated control words
ERPs showed that orthographic neighbours influenced the early stages of word processing
who proposed the opn bigram model?
Grainger and van Heuven, 2003
what is a bigram?
pair of consecutive letters within a sequence of elements
eg) letter bigrams of apple are ‘ap’, ‘pp’, ‘pl’ and ‘le’
what is the open bigram model?
predicts the probability of a word occuring in a sequence based on the occurence of the preceding word
codes the relative position of adjacent and non-adjacent letters using open bigrams
how can the match overlap between a prime and target be calculated for open bigrams?
count the shared open bigrams between the prime and target
model assumes a maximum of two intervening letters
what did Perea and Lupker find out about the effects of transposed letter similarity?
conducted experiments using a masked priming paradigm
when the target and prime words shared transposed letter similarity- participants showed faster response times and improved accuracy
shows that word recognition is influenced by the existence of bigrams rather than strict positional coding
who proposed the spatial coding model?
Davis, 2010
what is the spatial coding model?
order of letters transformed in a set of temporal values assigned to each letter
brain represents info in a spatially organised way
what did Perea and Lupker find out about the role of semantics?
looked at word meaning processing
eg) jugde can activate court
