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cognitive psychology year 2 > word recognition lectures 1 and 2 > Flashcards

word recognition lectures 1 and 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the features of visual word recognition in literate adults?

A

fast and automatic
flexible
precise

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2
Q

who investigated event related potentials for word recognition?

A

Dufau et al, 2015

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3
Q

what did Dufau et al find out about event word processing ERPS?

A

language processing takes around 400ms

presented words and nonwords to participants

pressed a button if the word that appeared was not a word

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4
Q

what is typicality?

A

how common a word or concept is within a specific category or context

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5
Q

what is lexicality?

A

whether a stimulus forms a legitimate word in a specific language

whether it has an entry in the mental lexicon

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6
Q

who investigated fast and automatic processing?

A

Stroop, 1935

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7
Q

what did Stroop find out about processing?

A

no difference between reading the word in incompatible colours vs reading words in black ink

slower responses to read the ink colour for incompatible colours vs compatible colours

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8
Q

what did Bisson et al, 2012 find out about film watching?

A

people tried to read the subtitles even if the language was unknown

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9
Q

what is the procedure for masked priming?

A

mask
prime
target

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10
Q

what is the duration of a prime?

A

30-250ms

short time so unaware of what the prime is

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11
Q

what does orthographic mean?

A

recognising written language systems

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12
Q

what does phonological mean?

A

interpreting speech sounds

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13
Q

what is orthographic priming?

A

presenting written words in a way which makes it difficult for participants to consciously perceive them

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14
Q

what is phonological priming?

A

presenting auditory information in a way which makes it difficult for participants to consciously perceive

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15
Q

what did Ferrand and Grainger find out about orthographic priming?

A

participants responded faster and more accurately to target words which were orthographically similar to the masked prime words

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16
Q

what did Ferrand and Grainger find out about phonological priming?

A

effect took longer but facilitation in processing target words that had a phonological overlap with the masked primes

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17
Q

how is word processing flexible?

A

able to read different types of handwriting

can read words in different orders

can read even if case alteration has occurred

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18
Q

what did Perea et al, 2015 find about case alteration?

A

word BeAst

wanted to see if we read this as beast or bat

lowercase primes or alternating case primes did not impair word recognition

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19
Q

what did Moret-Tatay et al, 2011 investigate?

A

do serifs provide an advantage in the recognition of written words

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20
Q

Moret-Tatay et al, 2011- serifs- procedure

A

looked at 160 words and 160 non words

lexical decision task

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21
Q

Moret-Tatay et al, 2011- serifs- results

A

sans serif words (no lines) were recognised 19ms faster than words written in serif font

22
Q

is orthographic processing unique to humans?

A

no

23
Q

what did Grainger et al, 2012 investigate?

A

baboons and orthography

24
Q

what was the procedure to investigate baboons and orthography?

A

baboons were trained to discriminate English words from non words

food was the incentive

50 words and non words (which had no meaning for the baboons)

25
Q

what were the results for baboons and orthography?

A

results were higher than the 50% which would occur due to chance

26
Q

what is position specific coding?

A

each letter is associated with a certain position

27
Q

who proposed the interactive activation model?

A

McClelland and Rumelhart, 1981

28
Q

what is the interactive activation model?

A

interconnected nodes represent different levels of linguistic information

these nodes form a network, where activation spreads between them

excitation and inhibitions

29
Q

what is excitation in word processing?

A

word activated

30
Q

what is inhibition in word processing?

A

word not activated

31
Q

what are word nodes?

A

correspond to specific words in a mental lexicon

32
Q

what is lateral inhibition?

A

when one word node is activated, it inhibits other word nodes

33
Q

what is the resting level activation for words?

A

between -0.046 and 0

34
Q

what is the node’s activation based on?

A

the amount of inhibition and activation it has received from other nodes

35
Q

what does the activation of each node vary between?

A

-0.2 and 1.0

36
Q

what is the word recognition threshold?

A

word recognition is assumed to take place when a node reaches a certain amount of activation

37
Q

who investigated transposition priming?

A

Forster et al (1987)

38
Q

what is transposition?

A

switching the position of adjacent letters in the base word

39
Q

how did Forster et al investigate transposition priming?

A

masked priming lexical decision task

prime shown for 60ms

target presented in upper case

others words were transposed, substituted and a control (random word)

40
Q

what were the findings of transposition priming?

A

faster responses for transposed and substituted words compared to a control

41
Q

who investigated relative position priming?

A

Grainger et al, 2006

42
Q

what is the relative position priming effect?

A

target word recognition is facilitated due to priming the word with some of its letters, maintaining their relative position

43
Q

how did Grainger investigate relative position priming?

A

masked priming lexical decision task

looked at orthographic neighbours (only differ by one letter)

44
Q

what did Grainger find out about relative position priming?

A

the presentation of orthographic neighbours of a word facilitated the recognition of the target word compared to unrelated control words

ERPs showed that orthographic neighbours influenced the early stages of word processing

45
Q

who proposed the opn bigram model?

A

Grainger and van Heuven, 2003

46
Q

what is a bigram?

A

pair of consecutive letters within a sequence of elements

eg) letter bigrams of apple are ‘ap’, ‘pp’, ‘pl’ and ‘le’

47
Q

what is the open bigram model?

A

predicts the probability of a word occuring in a sequence based on the occurence of the preceding word

codes the relative position of adjacent and non-adjacent letters using open bigrams

48
Q

how can the match overlap between a prime and target be calculated for open bigrams?

A

count the shared open bigrams between the prime and target

model assumes a maximum of two intervening letters

49
Q

what did Perea and Lupker find out about the effects of transposed letter similarity?

A

conducted experiments using a masked priming paradigm

when the target and prime words shared transposed letter similarity- participants showed faster response times and improved accuracy

shows that word recognition is influenced by the existence of bigrams rather than strict positional coding

50
Q

who proposed the spatial coding model?

A

Davis, 2010

51
Q

what is the spatial coding model?

A

order of letters transformed in a set of temporal values assigned to each letter

brain represents info in a spatially organised way

52
Q

what did Perea and Lupker find out about the role of semantics?

A

looked at word meaning processing

eg) jugde can activate court

cognitive psychology year 2 (12 decks)

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