memory lecture 2 Flashcards
what are encoding failures?
events which never make it into long term memory
how did Simon and Emmons (1956) investigate sleep learning?
during sleep, participants heard questions and answers every 5 mins
EEGs recorded to monitor sleep
after asked questions about what they heard overnight
what were the results of Simon and Emmons (1956) sleep learning?
awake but relaxed= 80%
drowsy= 50%
drowsiness/light sleep transition= 5%
asleep= no memory
what did Bruce, Evans, Fenwick and Spencer (1970) find out about sleep learning?
presented material to sleeping subjects, then immediately woke them up
no evidence for memory
what did Levinson (1965) find out about memory during anaesthesia?
10 dental surgery patients
mock crisis during surgery
one month later, patients were hypnotised
four patients produced fully accurate reports of the anaesthetist’s comments
four produced partial reports
only two produced no recall
what is explicit memory?
requires conscious recollection of prior experiences
what is implicit memory?
memory revealed on tasks that do not require reference to a specific episode
what are three types of explicit memory tasks?
free recall
cued recall
recognition
what happens in free recall?
subject attempts to remember target information without any assistance from the experimenter
what happens in cued recall?
subject attempts to remember the target information in the presence of a specific cue
what happens in recognition?
subject is presented with a stimulus- must decide whether it was the one they were asked to remember
what are typical implicit memory tasks?
use your memory without realising you are using it
what happened in Jacoby (1991) investigation into the effect of anaesthesia on memory?
used the Process Dissociation Procedure to separately assess implicit and explicit memory
inclusion phase- participants asked to perform a task where both implicit and explicit memory contribute to performance
exclusion phase- participants given instructions to exclude the contribution of explicit memory whilst performing the same task
compare performance between these two
what phenomenon relates to the fact that we only remember what we can attend to?
weapon focus
what happened in Iselin-Chaves et al (2005) study of implicit memory from anaesthesia?
investigated effect of anesthesia effect on implicit memory
tracked using eeg and recorded ranges from 100 (awake) to 0 (min brain activity)
listened to two lists of 20 words, each presented 25 times, a word was presented every 4 seconds
found that whilst explicit memory was suppressed, implicit memory may exist to some extent
