Word class AO1 Flashcards
Common noun
A noun denoting a class of objects or a concept rather than a particular individual
Proper noun
A name used for an individual person, place or organisation spelled with a capital letter
Abstract noun
An idea, quality or state
Concrete noun
A noun denoting a material object
Collective noun
A count noun that denotes a group of individuals
Modal verb
Likelihood/extent/possibility of something happening
Transitive verb
A verb with a direct object
Intransitive verb
A verb with no direct object
Dynamic verb
Happen within a limited time (have a definitive beginning and end), usually can be seen/a physical action
Stative verb
Continues over a long period of time, is a state rather than an action
Infinitive verb
A verb with ‘to’ before
Predicate adjective
An adjective in the second position (comes after the noun)
Comparative adjective
An adjective providing comparison, usually ending in ‘-er’
Superlative adjective
The most of something
Adverb of frequency
How often or frequently something is done
Adverb of manner
The way something is done
Adverb of time
How fast an action is done
Adverb of place
Where something is done
1st person singular pronouns
Subject= I
Object= Me
Possessive adjective= My
Possessive pronoun= Mine
Reflexive= Myself
2nd person singular pronouns
Subject= You
Object= You
Possessive adjective= Your
Possessive pronoun= Yours
Reflexive= Yourself
3rd person singular pronouns (male)
Subject= He
Object= Him
Possessive adjective= His
Possessive pronoun= His
Reflexive= Himself
3rd person singular pronouns (female)
Subject= She
Object= Her
Possessive adjective= Her
Possessive pronoun= Hers
Reflexive= Herself
3rd person singular pronouns
Subject= It
Object= It
Possessive adjective= Its
Possessive pronoun= Its
Reflexive= Itself
1st person plural pronouns
Subject= We
Object= Us
Possessive adjective= Our
Possessive pronoun= Ours
Reflexive= Ourselves
2nd person plural pronouns
Subject= You
Object= You
Possessive adjective= Your
Possessive pronoun= Yours
Reflexive= Yourselves
3rd person plural pronouns
Subject= They
Object= Them
Possessive adjective= Their
Possessive pronoun= Theirs
Reflexive= Themselves
Minor sentence
A sentence with no main verb or no main verb
Simple sentence
A sentence made up of one clause
Compound sentence
A sentence made up of 2 or more main clauses joined by a co-ordinating conjunction
Complex sentence
A sentence with one main clause and at least one subordinate clause
Compound complex sentence
A sentence with 2 or more man clauses and at least one subordinate clause
Subject
The thing doing the action
Object
The thing having the action done to it
Verb
An action
Active voice
subject, verb, object
Passive voice
Object, verb, subject
Agent deletion
A sentence with no subject
Co-ordinating conjunctions
Create compound sentences, FANBOYS
For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So
Syntactic parallelism
When the same syntax is used repeatedly withing the same sentence
Anaphoric reference
When a word or phrase refers to something earlier in the text
Cataphoric reference
When a word or phrase refers to something later in the text
Idiom
Metaphorical cliche
Simile
Comparison of two similar objects using like or as
Metaphor
Comparing two objects using is
Personification
Giving a non living object human qualities
Euphemism
A polite way of saying something
Dysphemism
A blunt and offensive way of saying something
Independent clause
Makes a statement or asks a question, can act as a complete sentence
Dependent clause
Begins with a subordinating conjunction, can’t act as a complete sentence
Deixis
Use of general words to refer to a specific time, person or place in context, words with a varied semantic meaning but fixed denoted meaning
Politeness strategies
Direct request- face threatening act, not worried about other person’s reaction
Indirect request- avoids being explicit
Positive politeness strategy- addresses positive face, may include compliments
Negative politeness strategy- addresses negative face, might include apologising
Sibilance
Repeated ‘S’ sound
Plosive
Explosion of air when creating sound (p,b)
Fricative
Friction on the air when making the sound (f,v) used to give an airy, breathless sound
Guttural
Glottal works to create ‘g’ sound
Assonance
Repeated vowel sounds used to create rhythm
Lexical onomatopoeia
Words that make sounds eg slap, bubble
Non lexical onomatopoeia
Sounds that aren’t actual words eg brmmm, chugga chugga
Pun
When a different phoneme is used to create humour
Filler
Sound that acts like a pause to signal uncertainty
False start
When a speaker begins to speak then stops and starts again
Hedge
Phrases/words which make a statement less forceful, assertive or certain
Back-channelling
The sounds we make to show the person we are talking to we are listening
Repair
When a speaker corrects an error in their speech
Discourse marker
Words that help organise what we are saying
Adjacency pairs
A simple structure of turns between two speakers
Skip connector
A word or phrase that returns the conversation to the previous topic
Ellipsis
When words are omitted because the other person already knows what the shortened utterance means
Tag question
A short question at the end of a sentence often inviting another speaker
Personal deixis
Pronouns eg he, she
Temporal deixis
Time eg then, now
Spacial deixis
Places eg here, there and demonstratives
4 sentence moods
Imperative
Interrogative
Exclamative
Declarative
Synthetic personalisation
Using direct address to create a fake (synthetic) relationship with the audience
Noun phrase
The/a/an + adjective + noun
Simple past tense
Danced
Simple present tense
Dance
Simple future tense
Will dance
Past continuous tense
Was dancing
- more recent
Present continuous tense
Am dancing
- ongoing events/not finished
Future continuous tense
Will be dancing
Past Perfect tense
Had danced
- occurred before a completed action
Present perfect tense
Have danced
- has already occurred in past but has immediate ramifications in present
Future perfect tense
Will have danced
- an action that will be completed between now and a certain point in the future
Past perfect continuous tense
Had been dancing
- an action that started in the past but continued into another action or time
Present perfect continuous tense
Have been dancing
- started in past but continues into present
Future perfect continuous tense
Will have been dancing
- focussed on the duration of an action before a specific time in the future
