Gender Flashcards
Keith and Shuttleworth (2000)
All male conversations
Men:
Swear more, give more commands, are competitive, don’t talk about emotions, speak with more authority, talk about women and machines in the same way, insult each other frequently, interrupt more
Keith and Shuttleworth (2000)
All female conversations
Women:
Talk more than men, ask more questions, support each other, are more polite, are more co-operative, are indecisive/hesitant, complain and nag
Moore (1922)
All male conversations
Men tend to discuss business and amusements
Moore (1922)
All female conversations
Women tend to discuss the opposite sex, clothes, buildings, and interior decoration
Bischopping (1993)
All male conversations
Men still more likely to discuss work + leisure
Bischopping (1993)
All female conversations
Women still more likely to discuss opposite sex
Coates (1989)
All male conversations
Argues male groups use conversation to build a hierarchy and establish dominant and submissive roles
Pursue a style of interaction based on power
Coates (1989)
All female conversations
Based around ‘womens cooperative discourses’
Talks about people and feelings rather than objects
Use non verbal repsonses rather than verbal ones
Use hedges to avoid appearing threatening
Overlap utterances in a supportive way
Jones (1990)
All female conversations
Calls all female talk gossip
House talk- exchanging information about female role (treating like a job)
Scandal- judging others, particularly women, focused on domestic morality
Bitching- expressing anger to gain support rather than expecting change
Chatting- trusting, intimate talk between women
What is androcentric language?
Language focused on or centred around men
Give examples of androcentric language
Job titles eg fireman, business man
‘He’ as a gender non-specific pronoun
Explain the effect of androcentric language
Job titles like ‘businessman’ reinforce the idea that it isn’t expected for women to be in highly paid or skilled jobs
Using ‘he’ as a gender non specific pronoun suggests men are the norm
Lexical priming
‘well used’ words which can carry gender prejudice eg grumpy old man
Job titles
Include diminuitive suffixes/ bound morphemes eg waitress, actress
Marked terms
Words marked to show an equivalent eg male nurse, female doctor
Lexical asymmetry
Pairs of words related to males and females which aren’t equal eg witch and wizard
Judith Butler (1990)
book ‘Gender Troubles’ suggests gender is created in how we perform our roles- there is no identity behind these roles, gender performativity is a repetition that becomes naturalised
Wesleyan University (2007)
Study of print media on 58 magazines
Half of adverts in these magazines portrayed women as sex objects
Increased to 3/4 of adverts in mens magazines
Julia Stanley (1997)
220 negative terms to describe a promiscuous woman
Compared to only 20 for a man
Deborah James (1995)
Derogatory labels used for women were more offensive than those used for men
Saphir-Whorf hypothesis
The language we used determines the way we view the world
Caitlin Hines (1999)
Women are referred to as desserts
Gender in the Disney classics era
Women spoke more that men eg Cinderella (1950) men=41% women=59%
Gender in the Disney renaissance era
Men spoke significantly more than women eg Pocahontas (1995) men=76% women=24%