Gender

Question 1

Keith and Shuttleworth (2000)
All male conversations

Answer 1

Men:
Swear more, give more commands, are competitive, don’t talk about emotions, speak with more authority, talk about women and machines in the same way, insult each other frequently, interrupt more

Question 2

Keith and Shuttleworth (2000)
All female conversations

Answer 2

Women:
Talk more than men, ask more questions, support each other, are more polite, are more co-operative, are indecisive/hesitant, complain and nag

Question 3

Moore (1922)
All male conversations

Answer 3

Men tend to discuss business and amusements

Question 4

Moore (1922)
All female conversations

Answer 4

Women tend to discuss the opposite sex, clothes, buildings, and interior decoration

Question 5

Bischopping (1993)
All male conversations

Answer 5

Men still more likely to discuss work + leisure

Question 5

Bischopping (1993)
All female conversations

Answer 5

Women still more likely to discuss opposite sex

Question 6

Coates (1989)
All male conversations

Answer 6

Argues male groups use conversation to build a hierarchy and establish dominant and submissive roles
Pursue a style of interaction based on power

Question 7

Coates (1989)
All female conversations

Answer 7

Based around ‘womens cooperative discourses’
Talks about people and feelings rather than objects
Use non verbal repsonses rather than verbal ones
Use hedges to avoid appearing threatening
Overlap utterances in a supportive way

Question 8

Jones (1990)
All female conversations

Answer 8

Calls all female talk gossip
House talk- exchanging information about female role (treating like a job)
Scandal- judging others, particularly women, focused on domestic morality
Bitching- expressing anger to gain support rather than expecting change
Chatting- trusting, intimate talk between women

Question 9

What is androcentric language?

Answer 9

Language focused on or centred around men

Question 10

Give examples of androcentric language

Answer 10

Job titles eg fireman, business man
‘He’ as a gender non-specific pronoun

Question 11

Explain the effect of androcentric language

Answer 11

Job titles like ‘businessman’ reinforce the idea that it isn’t expected for women to be in highly paid or skilled jobs
Using ‘he’ as a gender non specific pronoun suggests men are the norm

Question 12

Lexical priming

Answer 12

‘well used’ words which can carry gender prejudice eg grumpy old man

Question 13

Job titles

Answer 13

Include diminuitive suffixes/ bound morphemes eg waitress, actress

Question 14

Marked terms

Answer 14

Words marked to show an equivalent eg male nurse, female doctor

Question 15

Lexical asymmetry

Answer 15

Pairs of words related to males and females which aren’t equal eg witch and wizard

Question 16

Judith Butler (1990)

Answer 16

book ‘Gender Troubles’ suggests gender is created in how we perform our roles- there is no identity behind these roles, gender performativity is a repetition that becomes naturalised

Question 17

Wesleyan University (2007)

Answer 17

Study of print media on 58 magazines
Half of adverts in these magazines portrayed women as sex objects
Increased to 3/4 of adverts in mens magazines

Question 18

Julia Stanley (1997)

Answer 18

220 negative terms to describe a promiscuous woman
Compared to only 20 for a man

Question 19

Deborah James (1995)

Answer 19

Derogatory labels used for women were more offensive than those used for men

Question 20

Saphir-Whorf hypothesis

Answer 20

The language we used determines the way we view the world

Question 21

Caitlin Hines (1999)

Answer 21

Women are referred to as desserts

Question 22

Gender in the Disney classics era

Answer 22

Women spoke more that men eg Cinderella (1950) men=41% women=59%

Question 23

Gender in the Disney renaissance era

Answer 23

Men spoke significantly more than women eg Pocahontas (1995) men=76% women=24%

Question 24

Gender in the Disney new age era

Answer 24

Almost equal speech from men and women eg Tangled (2010) men=49% women=51%

Question 25

Who studied gender in Disney eras and when was it?

Answer 25

Fought and Eisenhauer (2017)

Question 26

What did Eisenhauer conclude about gender in Disney films?

Answer 26

Masculinity depicted through use of imperatives
Femininity assosciated with mitigation

Question 27

Name the 4 gender models

Answer 27

Deficit model
Dominance model
Difference model
No difference model

Question 28

Describe the deficit model

Answer 28

The idea that women’s language is inferior to men’s

Question 29

Describe the dominance model

Answer 29

The idea that men dominate conversation and interrupt women

Question 30

Describe the difference model

Answer 30

The idea that women’s language isn’t inferior to men’s, just different

Question 31

Describe the no difference model

Answer 31

The idea that there is no difference between how men and women speak or that the difference is exaggerated

Question 32

Describe Robin Lakoff’s contribution to the deficit theory

Answer 32

Lakoff’s ten basic assumptions of women’s language include hedges (possibly, maybe), tag questions (don’t you think?, won’t you?), empty adjectives (lovely, sweet)

Question 33

Evaluate Robin Lakoff’s work

Answer 33

Direct quotation and hedges may actually be an advantage as direct quotation is more accurate and hedges cause less conflict

Question 34

Describe Henry Moore’s (1922) contribution to the deficit theory

Answer 34

Women tend to discuss the opposite sex and clothes whereas men tend to discuss money, business and amusements
Moore believed these tendencies would continue over time as they were manifestations of our ‘original natures’

Question 35

Evaluate Henry Moore’s (1922) work

Answer 35

Lacks reliability as data gathered by walking up and down Broadway
Old- may be outdated

Question 36

Describe Zimmerman and West’s (1975) contribution to the Dominance Model

Answer 36

Old study on a small sample of white, middle class under 35’s
Report that in 11 mixed sex conversations men used 46 interruptions whereas women used 2
Concluded since men use more interruptions they are dominating or attempting to do so

Question 37

Evaluate Zimmerman and West’s (1975) study

Answer 37

Small and unrepresentative sample

Question 38

Describe Geoffrey Beatie’s (1982) contribution to the Dominance model

Answer 38

Repeated Zimmerman and West’s study and found men and women interrupt with more or less equal frequency

Question 39

Describe Deborah Tannen’s contribution to the difference model

Answer 39

Men engage in report talk (engaging information) whereas women engage in rapport talk (making emotional connections)
Stems from socialising in same sex groups as children
Calls these differences in approach ‘genderlects’
Names some main differences between men and women’s use of language including ‘advice vs understanding’ - men seeing complaints as a challenge to come up with a solution whereas women actually want empathy/ emotional support
Also ‘orders vs proposals’ - women formulate requests as proposals rather than orders to prevent conflict whereas men see this as being manipulated

Question 40

Adjectives assosciated with each gender

Answer 40

Men- powerful, discipline, handsome
Women- pretty, elegant, patient

Question 41

Sanghari (2017)

Answer 41

Believes the words: curvy, bitchy, bossy, pushy and whinging only apply to women