Woolfolk Ch 12 Vocab

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

an internal state that arouses, directs, and maintains behaviour

Question 2

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 2

Motivation associated with activities that are their own reward

Question 3

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 3

Motivation created by external factors such as rewards or punishments

Question 4

locus of causality

Answer 4

the location�internal or external�of the cause of behaviour

Question 5

Reward

Answer 5

An attractive object or event supplied as a consequence of a behaviour

Question 6

Incentive

Answer 6

an object or event that encourages or discourages behaviour

Question 7

Humanistic interpretation

Answer 7

Approach to motivation that emphasizes personal freedom, choice, self-determination, and striving for personal growth

Question 8

Expectancy x value theories

Answer 8

Explanations of motivation that emphasize individuals’ expectations for success combined with their valuing of the goal

Question 9

Sociocultural views of motivation

Answer 9

Perspectives that emphasize participation, identities, and interpersonal relations within communities of practice

Question 10

Legitimate peripheral participation

Answer 10

Genuine involvement in the work of the group, even if your abilities are undeveloped and contributions are small

Question 11

Hierarchy of needs

Answer 11

Maslow’s model of seven levels of human needs, from basic physiological requirements to the need for self-actualization

Question 12

Self-actualization

Answer 12

fulfilling one’s potential

Question 13

Deficiency needs

Answer 13

Maslow’s four lower-level needs, which must be satisfied first

Question 14

Being needs

Answer 14

Maslow’s three higher level needs, sometimes called growth needs

Question 15

Need for autonomy

Answer 15

The desire to have our own wishes, rather than external rewards or pressures, determine our actions

Question 16

Cognitive evaluation theory

Answer 16

Suggests that events effect motivation through individual perception of the events as controlling behaviour or providing information

Question 17

Goal

Answer 17

What in individual strives to accomplish

Question 18

Goal orientation

Answer 18

Patterns of beliefs about goals related to achievement in school

Question 19

Mastery goal

Answer 19

A personal intention to improve abilities and learn, no matter how performance suffers

Question 20

Performance goal

Answer 20

A personal intention to seem competent or perform well in the eyes of others

Question 21

Work-avoidant learners

Answer 21

Students who don’t want to learn or to look smart, but just want to avoid work

Question 22

Social goals

Answer 22

A wide variety of needs and motives to be connected to others or part of a group

Question 23

Epistemological beliefs

Answer 23

Beliefs about the structure, stability, and certainty of knowledge, and how knowledge is best learned

Question 24

Entity view of ability

Answer 24

Belief that ability is a fixed characteristic that cannot be changed

Question 25

Incremental view of ability

Answer 25

Belief that ability is a set of skills that can be changed

Question 26

Attribution theories

Answer 26

Descriptions of how individuals’ explanations, justifications, and excuses influence their motivation and behaviour

Question 27

Self-efficacy

Answer 27

A person’s sense of being able to deal effectively with a particular task

Question 28

Learned helplessness

Answer 28

The expectation, based on previous experiences with a a lack of control, that all one’s efforts will lead to failure

Question 29

Mastery-oriented students

Answer 29

students who focus on learning goals because they value achievement and see ability as improvable

Question 30

Failure-avoiding students

Answer 30

Students who avoid failure by sticking to what they know, by not taking risks, or by claiming not to care about their performance

Question 31

self-handicapping

Answer 31

students may engage in behaviour that blocks their own success in order to avoid testing their true ability

Question 32

Failure-accepting students

Answer 32

students who believe their failures are due to low ability and there is little they can do about it.

Question 33

Anxiety

Answer 33

General uneasiness, a feeling of tension

Question 34

Motivation to learn

Answer 34

the tendency to find academic activities meaningful and worthwhile, and to try to benefit from them

Question 35

Academic tasks

Answer 35

The work the student must accomplish, including the content covered and the mental operations required

Question 36

importance of attainment value

Answer 36

The importance of doing well on a task; how success on the task meets personal needs

Question 37

Interest or intrinsic value

Answer 37

The enjoyment a person gets from a task

Question 38

utility value

Answer 38

The contribution of a task to meeting one’s goals

Question 39

Authentic task

Answer 39

Tasks that have some connection to real-life problems the students will face outside the classroom

Question 40

Goal structure

Answer 40

The way students relate to others who are also working towards a particular goal