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dte > wood > Flashcards

wood Flashcards

1
Q

hardwoods

A
  • come from deciduous trees
  • close grain structure - harder and stronger
  • can be sanded to a smoother, finer finish
  • take 60-200 years to mature - generally more expensive than softwoods
  • grown in central Europe, West Africa, Central and Southern America
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2
Q

softwoods

A
  • come from coniferous trees
  • open grain - less dense and strong
  • take 10-30 years to mature - generally cheaper
  • grown in cool Northern parts of Europe, Canada, and Russia
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3
Q

seasoning

A
  • must be seasoned in order to reduce its moisture content
  • air seasoning: air flows around stacked timber and dries out moisture, can take a couple years
  • kiln seasoning: timber is housed in a kiln where steam is allowed to flow around the timber - much faster process
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4
Q

potential defects from drying in an uncontrolled way

A
  • shrinkage - can twist, warp, cup or bow
  • can also result in split ends
  • can also result in cracks called shakes
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5
Q

knots

A
  • form when a branch grows out of the tree trunk
  • can cause several problems: weaken the timber and lead to decay
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6
Q

fungal attack

A
  • occurs when timer is left unseasoned
  • will cause disease and ruin the wood
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7
Q

jelutong

A
  • hardwood
  • pale colour, medium hardness and toughness, easily worked
  • used for pattern making
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8
Q

beech

A
  • hardwood
  • hard, strong, light brown, prone to warping and splitting, difficult to work, does not splinter (safe)
  • furniture, children’s toys
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9
Q

mahogany

A
  • hardwood
  • strong, durable, reddish colour, available in wide planks, rare, expensive, can be polished to a high gloss finish
  • good quality furniture, panelling and veneers
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10
Q

oak

A
  • hardwood
  • hard, tough, durable, open-grained, can be finished to a high standard
  • timber-framed buildings, high quality furniture, flooring
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11
Q

balsa

A
  • hardwood
  • lightweight, soft and easily worked, pale, weak and not very durable
  • used for model-making, rafts
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12
Q

western red cedar

A
  • softwood
  • weather and decay resistant, reddish-brown, easily worked
  • fencing, fence posts, cladding
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13
Q

scots pine

A
  • softwood
  • light yellow, soft and easy to work with, can be quite knotty
  • interior joinery, furniture, window frames
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14
Q

parana pine

A
  • softwood
  • distinctive open, straight grain, a few knots but strong and durable, relatively inexpensive
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15
Q

advantages of manufactured boards

A
  • available in much larger sheets
  • consistent properties throughout the board
  • make use of lower-grade timber, so more economic and environmental benefits
  • less likely to shrink, warp or twist
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16
Q

two types of manufactured board

A
  • laminated boards: gluing large sheets or veneers together
  • compressed boards: gluing particles, chips, or flakes together under pressure
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17
Q

MDF

A
  • manufactured board
  • compressed fine woof fibers bonded with resin
  • relatively inexpensive and smooth, flat surface
  • used for furniture, flooring and cabinets
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18
Q

plywood

A
  • manufactured board
  • made from wood veneers glued together with alternating grain - each grain is layered at a 90 degree angle to the last and number of layers is always odd so two outside surfaces have the grain running in the same direction
  • very strong, flat, smooth surface
  • roofing and flooring
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19
Q

chipboard

A
  • manufactured board
  • wood chips bonded together with resin
  • limited strength
  • used for inexpensive construction material
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20
Q

hardboard

A
  • manufactured board
  • compressed fine wood fibres bonded together with resin
  • one smooth side and one textured side
  • inexpensive
  • used for drawer bases and backs of wardrobes
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21
Q

veneers

A

thin sheets of natural timber
- construction veneers - typically used in the manufacture of plywood
- decorative veneers - applied to manufactured board to enhance their appearance

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22
Q

ecological footprint

A
  • renewable and biodegradable
  • recyclable
  • generally good lifespan
  • deforestation - destroys carbon sinks - destroys habitats and reduces biodiversity - contributes to global warming
  • fossil fuels required to power machinery
    (less compared to processing of other materials such as metals)
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23
Q

social footprint

A
  • ethical issues with deforestation
  • FSC ensures that forests are correctly managed
  • employment opportunities
  • endangered wildlife protected
  • trees are replanted
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24
Q

life cycle of timber

A

1) planted
2) felled
3) transported
4) seasoned and shaped
5) transport and manufacture of product
6) use
7) landfill/compost/burned for fuel

25
Q

PBS

A

planned both sides

26
Q

PSE

A

planned square edge

27
Q

PAR

A

planned all round

28
Q

dowelling

A

cylindrical timber, useful for making wooden rails

29
Q

one-off production

A
  • used to manufacture bespoke timber products
  • high quality timber often used by high skilled woodworkers
  • generally very labour intensive and time-consuming, and therefore expensive
30
Q

batch production

A
  • a range of identical wood products made to a high consistency
  • materials can be purchased in bulk, reducing the cost
  • machinery is set up, more efficient, and less skilled labour is required
  • unique appeal of “one-off” production is lost
31
Q

jig

A

a device specially made to perform a specific part of the manufacturing process - can be used when cutting, drilling, sawing or gluing
- useful when process has to be carried out multiple times
- more efficient and reduce the risk of human error
- increase accuracy, consistency and reduce wastage
- increase initial cost and only cost effective if large number of similar parts are required
- high level of skill to produce

32
Q

mass production

A
  • manufactured in large quantities
  • bulk buying significantly reduces cost
  • specialist machinery used, and so unskilled workforce can be used
33
Q

continuous flow production

A
  • identical products made continuously 24/7 due to high demand
  • requires highly specialised equipment and extensive use of CAM
  • process can become fully automated
  • requires large initial investment
34
Q

disadvantages of high-volume production

A
  • loss of employment
  • high set-up costs
  • products lose uniqueness
  • more energy needed to power factories, contributing to carbon footprint
35
Q

wastage

A

cutting, sawing or shaping timber to form a desired shape

36
Q

addition

A

joining timber components together using wood joints and/or gluing

37
Q

deforming and reforming

A

producing shapes by processes such as laminating and steam bending

38
Q

marking out

A

1) face side and edge - one face and one edge smooth
2) pencil or marking knife (more accurate cut line)
3) ruler/ try square (T-square) or mitre square (45 degree angle) / sliding bevel (set to any angle)
4) marking gauge (parallel line) or mortise gauge (double parallel line)/ pre-drawn template

39
Q

tenon saw

A

will cut straight lines, provided wood is held firmly in a vice of G-clamp

40
Q

hand saw

A

used for cutting large pieces of wood

41
Q

coping saw

A

used for cutting curves - difficult to use accurately, should always cut slightly away from the line

42
Q

bandsaw/hegnersaw

A

mechanical saws that speed up process and improve accuracy

43
Q

disc sander/belt sander/linisher

A

machines that use coarse glass paper to shape and smooth wood

44
Q

planes/chisels

A

mechanical ways to shape wood - chisels can also be useful for cutting joints

45
Q

hole saw vs forstner bit

A
  • hole saw: large holes
  • forstner bit: flat-bottom holes
46
Q

joints

A

draw them and check in book

47
Q

adhesives

A
  • PVA (polyvinyl adhesive) is a strong glue but takes a long time to dry
  • contact adhesive is a medium strength glue but provides a quick joint
  • epoxy resins can be used to join wood to other materials such as metals and polymers
48
Q

woodscrews

A
  • quick and convenient method to join two components together
  • made from steel with protective coating to prevent rusting
  • designed for use with power tools such as cordless drill
49
Q

KD fittings

A
  • knock down fittings often used with flat pack furniture
  • enable furniture to be sold unassembled, taken home in carboard box and assembled using simple tools
  • flat pack furniture has greatly reduced the cost of buying furniture
50
Q

lamination

A

gluing veneers of natural timber in between two halves of a mould to create complex shapes

51
Q

steam bending

A

steaming a section of natural timber to make it pliable, clamped to a mould then held for several hours until cooled

52
Q

surface preparation

A
  • should be sanded using a variety of different grades of sandpaper to remove any marks and smooth the surface
  • should be free from dust, oil and dirt
53
Q

wood stain

A

will change the colour of the timber but offers little protection

54
Q

wood preservative

A

soaks into the timber and protects it from moisture and insect attack - can also include a stain
- generally used on garden sheds and fencing
- tanalising - pressure applying a preservative

55
Q

varnishes

A

offer good protection, often used clear but can come in a variety of colours

56
Q

oils

A

easy to apply and reasonable protection
- not particularly long lasting and need a recoating each year
- e.g. danish oil and teak oil

57
Q

wax polishes

A

low level of protection and recommended on top of a varnished surface

58
Q

paints

A

high level of protection and available in a wide range of colours
- most require an extra level of preparation/undercoat

dte (3 decks)

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