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general content Flashcards

1
Q

automated production

A

the use of machinery or computer controlled equipment in manufacturing

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2
Q

market pull

A

a new product developed in response to a demand in the market or users

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3
Q

technology push

A

products developed as a result of new technologies

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4
Q

stages in product life cycle

A

1) introduction - following an advertising campaign, when a new product is introduced to the market
2) growth - growth of sales as consumers become aware of the product
3) maturity - sales are at their peak with companies hoping to achieve maximum sales
4) decline - sales fall as most interested customers already own the product or a new product has replaced it

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5
Q

sustainability

A

meeting the needs of the current generation without compromising the needs of the future generation

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6
Q

disadvantages of globalisation

A
  • importing cheap products overseas leads to jobs losses in local society
  • leads to increased use of automation also leads to job losses
  • workers overseas are often paid low wages in order to keep efforts down and reduce job losses
  • designers need to be sensitive to cultural differences
  • mass chains of global companies can take away from local businesses
  • cost to the environment due to carbon footprint from transportation
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7
Q

consumer rights act. 2015

A
  • all goods must be of a satisfactory standard, as described and seen when purchased, and fit for purpose
  • protects against poor services and faulty and counterfeit products, and you are entitled to a refund or repair if product fails to meet expectations
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8
Q

advantages of CAD/CAM

A
  • saves on manpower and wages
  • quality of design improved through precise design
  • can be used to share and collaborate on designs more easily
  • different parts of models can be saved and reused in other designs
  • can undergo simulated stress testing
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9
Q

disadvantages of CAD/CAM

A
  • needs specialist training
  • often expensive to set up and high maintenance costs
  • work can be hacked or unsaved
  • leads to job losses in industry
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10
Q

CNC embroidery machine

A
  • can be embroidered directly into a range of textile fabrics
  • can be saved and repeated several times with the same high quality finish
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11
Q

vinyl cutters

A
  • a pattern based in a CAD drawing that can be cut from a roll of self adhesive vinyl
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12
Q

CNC router

A
  • a rotating router follows a CAD drawing to cut a path or shape
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13
Q

laser cutter

A
  • use a laser beam to cut through a material, or may be engraved
  • intricate patterns can be cut on most materials, however not all such as nylon and PVC can burn or melt
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14
Q

3D printer

A
  • uses a thermoforming polymer which is heated and then extruded through a head to form a layer
  • the product is then formed layer by layer
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15
Q

environmental directive

A

a law to provide protection for the environment

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16
Q

linear economy vs circular economy

A
  • linear - raw materials are used to make a product and waste is thrown away in order to make products as cheaply as possible, with many environmental consequences - links to cradle to grave production, which is considering a product’s lifecycle until it is disposed of
  • circular - a system that aims to minimise waste and extract the maximum possible use from resources - links to cradle to cradle production, which considers the complete life cycle including its reuse and recycle after initial use
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17
Q

6 R’s of sustainability

A

rethink (better ways to make it less environmentally damaging) , recycle (can components be recycled easily after its use), repair (can it be repaired easily), refuse (consumers may not buy product if unethical), reduce (can materials be reduced), reuse ( can it be reused)

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18
Q

life cycle analysis

A

an assessment of a product’s environmental impact throughout its lifetime

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19
Q

fair trade

A
  • sets up partnership schemes between producers, businesses and consumers
  • gives workers a fair share of the profits or fairer wages
  • protects worker’s rights and protects farmers from price fluctuations
  • often more expensive and could discourage consumers from buying product
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20
Q

carbon footprint

A

the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere as a result of human activities

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21
Q

ecological deficit

A

a measure which shows that more natural resources are being used than nature can replace

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22
Q

carbon neutral

A

no net release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, so that carbon is offset

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23
Q

electroluminescent material

A
  • made from a thin copper wire coated in phosphor powder
  • produces a glowing light when exposed to an alternating current
  • flexible, do not generate heat and are more reliable
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24
Q

quantum tunneling composite

A
  • materials that can change from insulators to conductors when under pressure
  • when compressed, the nickel particles make contact with each other, leading to an increase in conductivity
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25
Q

shape memory alloys

A
  • return to original shape when heated
  • uses include medical applications such as fastenings used in bone fractures
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26
Q

polymorph

A
  • thermoforming polymer in granular form
  • when heated it softens and forms material that can be moulded and shaped and solidifies on cooling
  • useful for model making and prototyping
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27
Q

photochromic pigment

A
  • change colour in response to light
  • sunglasses change colour in response to UV radiation
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28
Q

thermochromic pigment

A
  • change colour in response to a change in heat
  • can be used in baby bottles to give an indication of the temperature of the milk
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29
Q

micro-encapsulation

A
  • process of applying microscopic capsules contains various substances to fabrics and paper
  • can contain vitamins or oils or antibacterial chemicals which are released through friction
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30
Q

biomimicry

A
  • taking ideas from or mimicking nature
  • swimwear (e.g. Speedo) mimics a sharks skin for reducing drag in the water
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31
Q

carbon fibre reinforced polymer

A
  • woven carbon fibre strands encased in a polymer resin
  • high tensile strength and is lightweight and rigid
  • often used in tennis racquets where strength to weight ratio is important
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32
Q

Kevlar

A
  • lightweight, flexible and extremely durable aramid fibre that has an excellent resistance to heat, corrosion and chemical damage
  • often used in protective clothing such as police body armour to protect against knife attack
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33
Q

glass reinforced plastic

A
  • glass fibres and a polyester resin
  • rigid and tough and lightweight
  • irreversible reaction so difficult to recycle
  • used in surfboards and canoes and car bodywork
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34
Q

interactive textiles

A
  • when electronic devices are integrated into or embedded into textile fabrics or clothing to interact with the wearer
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35
Q

microfibres

A
  • extremely fine and lightweight synthetic fibres that are significantly finer than a human hair
  • examples include polyester and nylon
  • excellent strength to weight ratio, water resistance and breathability
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36
Q

phase changing materials

A
  • change from one state to another with the ability to store and release heat over a small temperature range
  • used in fabric in winter to allow body heat to be stored and then released when needed
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37
Q

breathable fabrics

A
  • has a hydrophilic membrane that stops water passing through but can absorb and diffuse water vapour molecules
  • perspiration can permeate through but rain droplets and wind cannot enter
  • used in high performance clothing and footwear to maintain a constant temperature by allowing the flow of air in and out
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38
Q

sun protective clothing

A
  • tightly woven or knitted fabrics are significantly better at blocking out UV rays
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39
Q

nomex

A
  • aramid synthetic fibre used where resistance to heat and flames is essential, as well as being very strong
  • used in firefighters uniforms as can withstand even the most extreme conditions
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40
Q

geotextiles

A
  • textiles associated with soil, construction and drainage
  • ability to filter, separate, protect and drain
  • for example used in the control of coastal erosion and drainage
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41
Q

rhovyl

A
  • non flammable synthetic fibre
  • crease resistant, good thermal and acoustic properties, antibacterial and comfortable to wear
  • wicks away moisture through the fabric and dries quickly and does not retain odours, making it ideal for socks
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42
Q

microcontroller

A
  • a mini computer, embedded in a product, programmed to perform a specific task
  • can be reprogrammed, which is useful for product development or upgrades
  • can be found in toasters, TVs, microwave ovens, etc.
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43
Q

rotary motion

A

movement in a circular path

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44
Q

linear motion

A

movement in a straight line

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45
Q

oscillating motion

A

movement back and forth in a circular path

46
Q

reciprocating motion

A

movement back and forth in a straight line

47
Q

rotational speed

A

number of revolutions/ time taken

48
Q

lever, fulcrum, effort and load

A
  • lever: a rigid bar that pivots on a fulcrum
  • fulcrum: the pivot point on a lever
  • effort: the input force
  • load: the output force
49
Q

linkages and different types?

A
  • a linkage is a component to direct forces and movement to where they are needed
  • a simple pulley changes the direction of motion of a cord
  • a reverse motion linkage will reverse the direction of input motion
  • a bell crank will transfer motion around a corner
  • a peg and slot converts rotary motion into oscillating motion
  • a crank and slider converts rotary motion into reciprocating motion
50
Q

cams and different types?

A
  • a cam and follower converts rotary motion into reciprocating motion
  • a snail cam causes the follower to steadily rise followed by a sudden drop
  • a pear shaped cam creates a sudden rise and fall followed by a long period where the follower does not move
  • the eccentric cam creates an even fall and rise motion throughout its rotation
51
Q

gear systems

A
  • gear systems transfer rotary motion
  • input gear is called the driver gear and the output gear is called the driven gear
  • they will rotate in opposite directions and the smaller gear will rotate faster than the larger gear
52
Q

spur gear

A

a gear with teeth around its edge

53
Q

gear speed

A

input/ output = teeth on driven gear/driver gear

54
Q

belt drives

A
  • a pulley and belt transfers rotary motion
  • the input and output pulleys rotate in the same direction
  • e.g. used in workshop bench drills
55
Q

rack and pinion

A
  • converts rotary motion into linear motion
  • e.g. stairlifts and sliding doors
56
Q

how to classify boards and papers

A
  • each paper sheet is double the size of the one before it
  • a weight greater that 170gsm is classified as a board rather than a paper
  • boards are classified by weight and thickness (microns)
57
Q

layout paper

A
  • smooth surface, cheap, thin enough to trace and copy parts of designs
  • often used for sketching and developing design ideas
58
Q

tracing paper

A
  • thin and very transparent, hard wearing and strong
  • mistakes can be scratched off using a sharp blade
  • used for making copies of drawings and fine details
59
Q

copier paper

A
  • smooth surface
  • usually used for printing, photocopying, general office purposes
60
Q

cartridge paper

A
  • available in different weights
  • more expensive that layout and copier paper
  • has slightly textured surface and creamier in colour
  • ideals surface for pencils, crayons, paints, inks and pastels
  • mostly used for sketching, drawing and painting
61
Q

virgin fibre paper vs recycled paper

A
  • paper and card are made from wood fibres called cellulose
  • virgin fibre: paper made entirely from new wood pulp and treated with chemicals
  • recycled: soaking waste paper to separate fibres back into pulp, refined and remade into paper, each time paper is recycled fibres become shorter and weaker and worse quality
  • paper with high quantities of pulp from recycled fibres are often used for newspapers or packaging
62
Q

card

A
  • wide range of colour and sizes
  • easy to fold, cut or print on
  • used for greeting cards, paperback book covers, and simple models
63
Q

cardboard

A
  • thicker than card
  • inexpensive and can be cut, folded and printed on easily
  • used for packaging and card modelling
64
Q

folding boxboard

A
  • similar in thickness to carboard but more rigid and lightweight
  • made of layers of mechanical pulp sandwiched between two thinner layers of chemical pulp
  • a coating is applied to one side to give it a smoother texture and white colour
  • used for packaging such as frozen foods and medicines
65
Q

corrugated cardboard

A
  • a strong but lightweight type of card
  • made from to layers of card with a fluted sheet in between
  • good heat-insulating properties
  • used for packaging fragile or delicate items that need protection during transportation
  • also used for packaging takeaway food
66
Q

board sheets

A
  • extremely thick and rigid
  • available in different colours
  • used for picture framing mounts and architecture modelling
67
Q

paper laminating

A

1) coating - reduces absorbency, give clearer printing and increase strength
2) thin film of clear plastic - improves strength and resistance and waterproofs the document, thereby increasing lifespan

68
Q

what are ferrous metals

A
  • metals that contain iron
  • steel is the most popular use of steel - it is easy to recycle
  • most ferrous metals are magnetic due to iron content
  • they are prone to corrosion when exposed to moisture and oxygen
69
Q

types of ferrous metals

A
  • the more carbon in the steel, the harder and less malleable the steel becomes
  • mild steel: good tensile strength and malleable, often used for car bodywork and office furniture
  • medium-carbon steel: high strength, less malleable, used for gardening tools
  • high-carbon steel: very high strength but even less malleable, used for cutting tools such as saws and drill bits
  • cast iron: hard but brittle, metalwork vices and cookware
70
Q

aluminium

A
  • extremely lightweight, soft and malleable
  • used for drink cans, foils, kitchen utensils, and aeroplane parts
71
Q

lead

A
  • heavy, soft, highly malleable, ductile
  • used for fishing and driving weights, roofing and batteries
72
Q

copper

A
  • good electrical conductivity, good thermal conductivity, corrosion resistant
  • used for plumbing pipes, electrical wires, and roofing
73
Q

brass

A
  • made of copper, zinc and lead
  • easy to cast, lustrous appearance
  • used for locks, gears, bearings and musical instruments
73
Q

stainless steel

A
  • made of iron, carbon, manganese, chromium
  • extremely hard, corrosion resistant and bright shiny finish
  • used in surgical equipment and cutlery
74
Q

bronze

A
  • made of copper and tin
  • good resistance to corrosion and fatigue, good electrical resistance, high elasticity
  • used for coins, ship propellers
75
Q

metal finishes

A
  • ferrous metals needs to be painted, electroplated or galvanized in order to prevent them from rusting
  • non ferrous metals may discolor due to oxidation, can be protected by chrome plating or coating with clear lacquer
76
Q

thermosetting polymers

A

polymer that can only be softened by heating and shaped once - they make excellent insulators

77
Q

thermoforming polymers

A

polymers that can be softened by heating, re-shaped and set over and over again - can be recycled

78
Q

polypropylene

A
  • thermoforming polymer
  • semi-rigid, good chemical and heat resistance, tough
  • buckets, bowls, crates, toys and bottle caps
79
Q

polythene

A
  • thermoforming polymer
  • tough, flexible, easily moulded
  • carrier bags, bin liners, washing up bottles
80
Q

polystyrene

A
  • thermoforming polymer
  • lightweight, food safe, good impact strength
  • used for disposable plastic cutlery, CD cases, smoke detector housings
81
Q

polyvinyl chloride

A
  • thermoforming polymer
  • rigid, dense, good tensile strength
  • used for water pipes, window frames and flooring
82
Q

melamine formaldehyde

A
  • thermosetting
  • tasteless, odourless, chemical, heat and impact resistant
  • used for household crockery items, toilet seats and pan handles
83
Q

urea formaldehyde

A
  • thermosetting
  • hardwearing and durable, insulator, low water absorption
  • used for electrical fittings
84
Q

epoxy resin

A
  • thermosetting
  • rigid, brittle. good chemical resistance
  • used for moulds for casting, adhesives and circuit boards
85
Q

polyester resin

A
  • thermosetting
  • rigid, brittle, good chemical resistance
  • used for moulds for casting and car body shells
86
Q

how to make textiles

A

1) fibres are very fine hair like structures that are spun together to make yarns
2) yarns are then woven or knitted together to make textiles

87
Q

cellulosic fibres

A

natural fibres from plant based sources

88
Q

protein fibres

A

natural fibres from animal based sources

89
Q

cotton

A
  • plant based
  • absorbent, lightweight, cool to wear, hard-wearing, smooth, creases easily, flammable
  • used for clothing, sewing and knitting
90
Q

linen

A
  • plant based
  • absorbent, strong, cool to wear, hard wearing, natural appearance, creases easily, flammable
  • used for lightweight summer clothing, table linen cloths
91
Q

hemp

A
  • plant based
  • absorbent, non-static, anti-bacterial, naturally lustrous, strong
  • used for clothing, carpets and rugs, ropes
92
Q

jute

A
  • plant based
  • very absorbent, high tensile strength, anti-static
  • bags, carpets, sacking, upholstery
93
Q

silk

A
  • insect based
  • absorbent, comfortable to wear, strong when dry, has a natural sheen, creases
  • luxury clothing, soft furnishings
94
Q

wool

A
  • animal based
  • warm, absorbent, low flammability, good elasticity, crease resistant
  • warm outerwear such as coats, knitwear, carpets and blankets
95
Q

viscose

A
  • plant/chemical based
  • blends well with other fibres, breathable, drapes well, excellent colour retention, high absorbent and light
  • shirts, shorts, coats and other outerwear
96
Q

rayon

A
  • plant/chemical based
  • comfortable, soft, moderate strength
  • blouses, jackets, sportswear
97
Q

polyester

A
  • synthetic polymer
  • strong, flame resistant, thermoplastic, hard wearing, poor absorbency
  • very versatile used throughout textiles
98
Q

nylon (polyamide)

A
  • synthetic polymer
  • strong and hard-wearing, can melt if burned, thermoplastic, good elasticity, poor absorbency
  • clothing, carpets and rugs, seatbelts, tents
99
Q

polypropylene

A
  • synthetic polymer
  • low melting point, strong, crease resisant, thermoplastic, non-absorbent, durable
  • carpet backing, webbing, fishing nets, ropes
100
Q

acrylic

A
  • synthetic polymer
  • strong except wet, thermoplastic, poor absorbency
  • knitwear, fake fur, upholstery
101
Q

elastane

A
  • synthetic polymer
  • very elastic and stretchy, lightweight, durable
  • clothing, particularly swimwear and sportswear
102
Q

aramid fibre

A
  • synthetic polymer
  • strength and heat resistance, no melting point, five times stronger than nylon, resistant to abrasion, ease of care
  • flame resistant and protective clothing, armour, high risk sports equipment
103
Q

tactel

A
  • manufactured microfibre
  • made from polyamide (nylon) fibre
  • hardwearing, quick drying, crease resistant
  • often blended with cotton or linen, used for underwear
104
Q

tencel

A
  • natural microfibre
  • made from cellulose wood fibre
  • biodegradable, strong, soft, absorbent, crease-resistant
  • shirts, skirts, suits, leggings
105
Q

why are fibres often blended together

A
  • to improve the properties of the yarn, for example to improve the appearance or functionality
  • to reduce costs
106
Q

composition of mixed fibres

A
  • warp: yarn that runs along the length of the fabric (vertical)
  • weft: combined with the warp runs across the fabric (horizontal)
107
Q

woven fabrics

A
  • consist of warp and weft yarns in an under/over configuration
  • different weaves (the pattern woven in the production of fabric) create different textures and strengths
  • e.g. plain weave, twill weave (used for denim jeans) gives a diagonal pattern and adds strength
108
Q

non woven fabrics

A
  • constructed from a web of fibres, held together by adhesive or stitching
  • often not strong enough to be made into garments but used to reinforce knitted or woven fabrics
  • can be used to make disposable products such as surgical masks or cleaning wipes
109
Q

knitted fabrics

A
  • series of loops in the yarn that interlock together
  • easy to stretch and warmer to wear as loops trap body heat

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