general content Flashcards
1
Q
automated production
A
the use of machinery or computer controlled equipment in manufacturing
2
Q
market pull
A
a new product developed in response to a demand in the market or users
3
Q
technology push
A
products developed as a result of new technologies
4
Q
stages in product life cycle
A
1) introduction - following an advertising campaign, when a new product is introduced to the market
2) growth - growth of sales as consumers become aware of the product
3) maturity - sales are at their peak with companies hoping to achieve maximum sales
4) decline - sales fall as most interested customers already own the product or a new product has replaced it
5
Q
sustainability
A
meeting the needs of the current generation without compromising the needs of the future generation
6
Q
disadvantages of globalisation
A
- importing cheap products overseas leads to jobs losses in local society
- leads to increased use of automation also leads to job losses
- workers overseas are often paid low wages in order to keep efforts down and reduce job losses
- designers need to be sensitive to cultural differences
- mass chains of global companies can take away from local businesses
- cost to the environment due to carbon footprint from transportation
7
Q
consumer rights act. 2015
A
- all goods must be of a satisfactory standard, as described and seen when purchased, and fit for purpose
- protects against poor services and faulty and counterfeit products, and you are entitled to a refund or repair if product fails to meet expectations
8
Q
advantages of CAD/CAM
A
- saves on manpower and wages
- quality of design improved through precise design
- can be used to share and collaborate on designs more easily
- different parts of models can be saved and reused in other designs
- can undergo simulated stress testing
9
Q
disadvantages of CAD/CAM
A
- needs specialist training
- often expensive to set up and high maintenance costs
- work can be hacked or unsaved
- leads to job losses in industry
10
Q
CNC embroidery machine
A
- can be embroidered directly into a range of textile fabrics
- can be saved and repeated several times with the same high quality finish
11
Q
vinyl cutters
A
- a pattern based in a CAD drawing that can be cut from a roll of self adhesive vinyl
12
Q
CNC router
A
- a rotating router follows a CAD drawing to cut a path or shape
13
Q
laser cutter
A
- use a laser beam to cut through a material, or may be engraved
- intricate patterns can be cut on most materials, however not all such as nylon and PVC can burn or melt
14
Q
3D printer
A
- uses a thermoforming polymer which is heated and then extruded through a head to form a layer
- the product is then formed layer by layer
15
Q
environmental directive
A
a law to provide protection for the environment
16
Q
linear economy vs circular economy
A
- linear - raw materials are used to make a product and waste is thrown away in order to make products as cheaply as possible, with many environmental consequences - links to cradle to grave production, which is considering a product’s lifecycle until it is disposed of
- circular - a system that aims to minimise waste and extract the maximum possible use from resources - links to cradle to cradle production, which considers the complete life cycle including its reuse and recycle after initial use
17
Q
6 R’s of sustainability
A
rethink (better ways to make it less environmentally damaging) , recycle (can components be recycled easily after its use), repair (can it be repaired easily), refuse (consumers may not buy product if unethical), reduce (can materials be reduced), reuse ( can it be reused)
18
Q
life cycle analysis
A
an assessment of a product’s environmental impact throughout its lifetime
19
Q
fair trade
A
- sets up partnership schemes between producers, businesses and consumers
- gives workers a fair share of the profits or fairer wages
- protects worker’s rights and protects farmers from price fluctuations
- often more expensive and could discourage consumers from buying product
20
Q
carbon footprint
A
the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere as a result of human activities
21
Q
ecological deficit
A
a measure which shows that more natural resources are being used than nature can replace
22
Q
carbon neutral
A
no net release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, so that carbon is offset
23
Q
electroluminescent material
A
- made from a thin copper wire coated in phosphor powder
- produces a glowing light when exposed to an alternating current
- flexible, do not generate heat and are more reliable
24
Q
quantum tunneling composite
A
- materials that can change from insulators to conductors when under pressure
- when compressed, the nickel particles make contact with each other, leading to an increase in conductivity
25
Q
shape memory alloys
A
- return to original shape when heated
- uses include medical applications such as fastenings used in bone fractures
26
Q
polymorph
A
- thermoforming polymer in granular form
- when heated it softens and forms material that can be moulded and shaped and solidifies on cooling
- useful for model making and prototyping
27
Q
photochromic pigment
A
- change colour in response to light
- sunglasses change colour in response to UV radiation
28
Q
thermochromic pigment
A
- change colour in response to a change in heat
- can be used in baby bottles to give an indication of the temperature of the milk
29
Q
micro-encapsulation
A
- process of applying microscopic capsules contains various substances to fabrics and paper
- can contain vitamins or oils or antibacterial chemicals which are released through friction
30
Q
biomimicry
A
- taking ideas from or mimicking nature
- swimwear (e.g. Speedo) mimics a sharks skin for reducing drag in the water
31
Q
carbon fibre reinforced polymer
A
- woven carbon fibre strands encased in a polymer resin
- high tensile strength and is lightweight and rigid
- often used in tennis racquets where strength to weight ratio is important
32
Q
Kevlar
A
- lightweight, flexible and extremely durable aramid fibre that has an excellent resistance to heat, corrosion and chemical damage
- often used in protective clothing such as police body armour to protect against knife attack
33
Q
glass reinforced plastic
A
- glass fibres and a polyester resin
- rigid and tough and lightweight
- irreversible reaction so difficult to recycle
- used in surfboards and canoes and car bodywork
34
Q
interactive textiles
A
- when electronic devices are integrated into or embedded into textile fabrics or clothing to interact with the wearer
35
Q
microfibres
A
- extremely fine and lightweight synthetic fibres that are significantly finer than a human hair
- examples include polyester and nylon
- excellent strength to weight ratio, water resistance and breathability
36
Q
phase changing materials
A
- change from one state to another with the ability to store and release heat over a small temperature range
- used in fabric in winter to allow body heat to be stored and then released when needed
37
Q
breathable fabrics
A
- has a hydrophilic membrane that stops water passing through but can absorb and diffuse water vapour molecules
- perspiration can permeate through but rain droplets and wind cannot enter
- used in high performance clothing and footwear to maintain a constant temperature by allowing the flow of air in and out
38
Q
sun protective clothing
A
- tightly woven or knitted fabrics are significantly better at blocking out UV rays
39
Q
nomex
A
- aramid synthetic fibre used where resistance to heat and flames is essential, as well as being very strong
- used in firefighters uniforms as can withstand even the most extreme conditions
40
Q
geotextiles
A
- textiles associated with soil, construction and drainage
- ability to filter, separate, protect and drain
- for example used in the control of coastal erosion and drainage
41
Q
rhovyl
A
- non flammable synthetic fibre
- crease resistant, good thermal and acoustic properties, antibacterial and comfortable to wear
- wicks away moisture through the fabric and dries quickly and does not retain odours, making it ideal for socks
42
Q
microcontroller
A
- a mini computer, embedded in a product, programmed to perform a specific task
- can be reprogrammed, which is useful for product development or upgrades
- can be found in toasters, TVs, microwave ovens, etc.
43
Q
rotary motion
A
movement in a circular path
44
Q
linear motion
A
movement in a straight line
45
Q
oscillating motion
A
movement back and forth in a circular path
46
Q
reciprocating motion
A
movement back and forth in a straight line
47
Q
rotational speed
A
number of revolutions/ time taken
48
Q
lever, fulcrum, effort and load
A
- lever: a rigid bar that pivots on a fulcrum
- fulcrum: the pivot point on a lever
- effort: the input force
- load: the output force
49
Q
linkages and different types?
A
- a linkage is a component to direct forces and movement to where they are needed
- a simple pulley changes the direction of motion of a cord
- a reverse motion linkage will reverse the direction of input motion
- a bell crank will transfer motion around a corner
- a peg and slot converts rotary motion into oscillating motion
- a crank and slider converts rotary motion into reciprocating motion
50
Q
cams and different types?
A
- a cam and follower converts rotary motion into reciprocating motion
- a snail cam causes the follower to steadily rise followed by a sudden drop
- a pear shaped cam creates a sudden rise and fall followed by a long period where the follower does not move
- the eccentric cam creates an even fall and rise motion throughout its rotation
51
Q
gear systems
A
- gear systems transfer rotary motion
- input gear is called the driver gear and the output gear is called the driven gear
- they will rotate in opposite directions and the smaller gear will rotate faster than the larger gear
52
Q
spur gear
A
a gear with teeth around its edge
53
Q
gear speed
A
input/ output = teeth on driven gear/driver gear
54
Q
belt drives
A
- a pulley and belt transfers rotary motion
- the input and output pulleys rotate in the same direction
- e.g. used in workshop bench drills
55
Q
rack and pinion
A
- converts rotary motion into linear motion
- e.g. stairlifts and sliding doors
56
Q
how to classify boards and papers
A
- each paper sheet is double the size of the one before it
- a weight greater that 170gsm is classified as a board rather than a paper
- boards are classified by weight and thickness (microns)
57
Q
layout paper
A
- smooth surface, cheap, thin enough to trace and copy parts of designs
- often used for sketching and developing design ideas
58
Q
tracing paper
A
- thin and very transparent, hard wearing and strong
- mistakes can be scratched off using a sharp blade
- used for making copies of drawings and fine details
59
Q
copier paper
A
- smooth surface
- usually used for printing, photocopying, general office purposes
60
Q
cartridge paper
A
- available in different weights
- more expensive that layout and copier paper
- has slightly textured surface and creamier in colour
- ideals surface for pencils, crayons, paints, inks and pastels
- mostly used for sketching, drawing and painting
61
Q
virgin fibre paper vs recycled paper
A
- paper and card are made from wood fibres called cellulose
- virgin fibre: paper made entirely from new wood pulp and treated with chemicals
- recycled: soaking waste paper to separate fibres back into pulp, refined and remade into paper, each time paper is recycled fibres become shorter and weaker and worse quality
- paper with high quantities of pulp from recycled fibres are often used for newspapers or packaging
62
Q
card
A
- wide range of colour and sizes
- easy to fold, cut or print on
- used for greeting cards, paperback book covers, and simple models
63
Q
cardboard
A
- thicker than card
- inexpensive and can be cut, folded and printed on easily
- used for packaging and card modelling
64
Q
folding boxboard
A
- similar in thickness to carboard but more rigid and lightweight
- made of layers of mechanical pulp sandwiched between two thinner layers of chemical pulp
- a coating is applied to one side to give it a smoother texture and white colour
- used for packaging such as frozen foods and medicines
65
Q
corrugated cardboard
A
- a strong but lightweight type of card
- made from to layers of card with a fluted sheet in between
- good heat-insulating properties
- used for packaging fragile or delicate items that need protection during transportation
- also used for packaging takeaway food
66
Q
board sheets
A
- extremely thick and rigid
- available in different colours
- used for picture framing mounts and architecture modelling
67
Q
paper laminating
A
1) coating - reduces absorbency, give clearer printing and increase strength
2) thin film of clear plastic - improves strength and resistance and waterproofs the document, thereby increasing lifespan
68
Q
what are ferrous metals
A
- metals that contain iron
- steel is the most popular use of steel - it is easy to recycle
- most ferrous metals are magnetic due to iron content
- they are prone to corrosion when exposed to moisture and oxygen
69
Q
types of ferrous metals
A
- the more carbon in the steel, the harder and less malleable the steel becomes
- mild steel: good tensile strength and malleable, often used for car bodywork and office furniture
- medium-carbon steel: high strength, less malleable, used for gardening tools
- high-carbon steel: very high strength but even less malleable, used for cutting tools such as saws and drill bits
- cast iron: hard but brittle, metalwork vices and cookware
70
Q
aluminium
A
- extremely lightweight, soft and malleable
- used for drink cans, foils, kitchen utensils, and aeroplane parts
71
Q
lead
A
- heavy, soft, highly malleable, ductile
- used for fishing and driving weights, roofing and batteries
72
Q
copper
A
- good electrical conductivity, good thermal conductivity, corrosion resistant
- used for plumbing pipes, electrical wires, and roofing
73
Q
brass
A
- made of copper, zinc and lead
- easy to cast, lustrous appearance
- used for locks, gears, bearings and musical instruments
73
Q
stainless steel
A
- made of iron, carbon, manganese, chromium
- extremely hard, corrosion resistant and bright shiny finish
- used in surgical equipment and cutlery
74
Q
bronze
A
- made of copper and tin
- good resistance to corrosion and fatigue, good electrical resistance, high elasticity
- used for coins, ship propellers
75
Q
metal finishes
A
- ferrous metals needs to be painted, electroplated or galvanized in order to prevent them from rusting
- non ferrous metals may discolor due to oxidation, can be protected by chrome plating or coating with clear lacquer
76
Q
thermosetting polymers
A
polymer that can only be softened by heating and shaped once - they make excellent insulators
77
Q
thermoforming polymers
A
polymers that can be softened by heating, re-shaped and set over and over again - can be recycled
78
Q
polypropylene
A
- thermoforming polymer
- semi-rigid, good chemical and heat resistance, tough
- buckets, bowls, crates, toys and bottle caps
79
Q
polythene
A
- thermoforming polymer
- tough, flexible, easily moulded
- carrier bags, bin liners, washing up bottles
80
Q
polystyrene
A
- thermoforming polymer
- lightweight, food safe, good impact strength
- used for disposable plastic cutlery, CD cases, smoke detector housings
81
Q
polyvinyl chloride
A
- thermoforming polymer
- rigid, dense, good tensile strength
- used for water pipes, window frames and flooring
82
Q
melamine formaldehyde
A
- thermosetting
- tasteless, odourless, chemical, heat and impact resistant
- used for household crockery items, toilet seats and pan handles
83
Q
urea formaldehyde
A
- thermosetting
- hardwearing and durable, insulator, low water absorption
- used for electrical fittings
84
Q
epoxy resin
A
- thermosetting
- rigid, brittle. good chemical resistance
- used for moulds for casting, adhesives and circuit boards
85
Q
polyester resin
A
- thermosetting
- rigid, brittle, good chemical resistance
- used for moulds for casting and car body shells
86
Q
how to make textiles
A
1) fibres are very fine hair like structures that are spun together to make yarns
2) yarns are then woven or knitted together to make textiles
87
Q
cellulosic fibres
A
natural fibres from plant based sources
88
Q
protein fibres
A
natural fibres from animal based sources
89
Q
cotton
A
- plant based
- absorbent, lightweight, cool to wear, hard-wearing, smooth, creases easily, flammable
- used for clothing, sewing and knitting
90
Q
linen
A
- plant based
- absorbent, strong, cool to wear, hard wearing, natural appearance, creases easily, flammable
- used for lightweight summer clothing, table linen cloths
91
Q
hemp
A
- plant based
- absorbent, non-static, anti-bacterial, naturally lustrous, strong
- used for clothing, carpets and rugs, ropes
92
Q
jute
A
- plant based
- very absorbent, high tensile strength, anti-static
- bags, carpets, sacking, upholstery
93
Q
silk
A
- insect based
- absorbent, comfortable to wear, strong when dry, has a natural sheen, creases
- luxury clothing, soft furnishings
94
Q
wool
A
- animal based
- warm, absorbent, low flammability, good elasticity, crease resistant
- warm outerwear such as coats, knitwear, carpets and blankets
95
Q
viscose
A
- plant/chemical based
- blends well with other fibres, breathable, drapes well, excellent colour retention, high absorbent and light
- shirts, shorts, coats and other outerwear
96
Q
rayon
A
- plant/chemical based
- comfortable, soft, moderate strength
- blouses, jackets, sportswear
97
Q
polyester
A
- synthetic polymer
- strong, flame resistant, thermoplastic, hard wearing, poor absorbency
- very versatile used throughout textiles
98
Q
nylon (polyamide)
A
- synthetic polymer
- strong and hard-wearing, can melt if burned, thermoplastic, good elasticity, poor absorbency
- clothing, carpets and rugs, seatbelts, tents
99
Q
polypropylene
A
- synthetic polymer
- low melting point, strong, crease resisant, thermoplastic, non-absorbent, durable
- carpet backing, webbing, fishing nets, ropes
100
Q
acrylic
A
- synthetic polymer
- strong except wet, thermoplastic, poor absorbency
- knitwear, fake fur, upholstery
101
Q
elastane
A
- synthetic polymer
- very elastic and stretchy, lightweight, durable
- clothing, particularly swimwear and sportswear
102
Q
aramid fibre
A
- synthetic polymer
- strength and heat resistance, no melting point, five times stronger than nylon, resistant to abrasion, ease of care
- flame resistant and protective clothing, armour, high risk sports equipment
103
Q
tactel
A
- manufactured microfibre
- made from polyamide (nylon) fibre
- hardwearing, quick drying, crease resistant
- often blended with cotton or linen, used for underwear
104
Q
tencel
A
- natural microfibre
- made from cellulose wood fibre
- biodegradable, strong, soft, absorbent, crease-resistant
- shirts, skirts, suits, leggings
105
Q
why are fibres often blended together
A
- to improve the properties of the yarn, for example to improve the appearance or functionality
- to reduce costs
106
Q
composition of mixed fibres
A
- warp: yarn that runs along the length of the fabric (vertical)
- weft: combined with the warp runs across the fabric (horizontal)
107
Q
woven fabrics
A
- consist of warp and weft yarns in an under/over configuration
- different weaves (the pattern woven in the production of fabric) create different textures and strengths
- e.g. plain weave, twill weave (used for denim jeans) gives a diagonal pattern and adds strength
108
Q
non woven fabrics
A
- constructed from a web of fibres, held together by adhesive or stitching
- often not strong enough to be made into garments but used to reinforce knitted or woven fabrics
- can be used to make disposable products such as surgical masks or cleaning wipes
109
Q
knitted fabrics
A
- series of loops in the yarn that interlock together
- easy to stretch and warmer to wear as loops trap body heat
