general content Flashcards
1
Q
automated production
A
the use of machinery or computer controlled equipment in manufacturing
2
Q
market pull
A
a new product developed in response to a demand in the market or users
3
Q
technology push
A
products developed as a result of new technologies
4
Q
stages in product life cycle
A
1) introduction - following an advertising campaign, when a new product is introduced to the market
2) growth - growth of sales as consumers become aware of the product
3) maturity - sales are at their peak with companies hoping to achieve maximum sales
4) decline - sales fall as most interested customers already own the product or a new product has replaced it
5
Q
sustainability
A
meeting the needs of the current generation without compromising the needs of the future generation
6
Q
disadvantages of globalisation
A
- importing cheap products overseas leads to jobs losses in local society
- leads to increased use of automation also leads to job losses
- workers overseas are often paid low wages in order to keep efforts down and reduce job losses
- designers need to be sensitive to cultural differences
- mass chains of global companies can take away from local businesses
- cost to the environment due to carbon footprint from transportation
7
Q
consumer rights act. 2015
A
- all goods must be of a satisfactory standard, as described and seen when purchased, and fit for purpose
- protects against poor services and faulty and counterfeit products, and you are entitled to a refund or repair if product fails to meet expectations
8
Q
advantages of CAD/CAM
A
- saves on manpower and wages
- quality of design improved through precise design
- can be used to share and collaborate on designs more easily
- different parts of models can be saved and reused in other designs
- can undergo simulated stress testing
9
Q
disadvantages of CAD/CAM
A
- needs specialist training
- often expensive to set up and high maintenance costs
- work can be hacked or unsaved
- leads to job losses in industry
10
Q
CNC embroidery machine
A
- can be embroidered directly into a range of textile fabrics
- can be saved and repeated several times with the same high quality finish
11
Q
vinyl cutters
A
- a pattern based in a CAD drawing that can be cut from a roll of self adhesive vinyl
12
Q
CNC router
A
- a rotating router follows a CAD drawing to cut a path or shape
13
Q
laser cutter
A
- use a laser beam to cut through a material, or may be engraved
- intricate patterns can be cut on most materials, however not all such as nylon and PVC can burn or melt
14
Q
3D printer
A
- uses a thermoforming polymer which is heated and then extruded through a head to form a layer
- the product is then formed layer by layer
15
Q
environmental directive
A
a law to provide protection for the environment
16
Q
linear economy vs circular economy
A
- linear - raw materials are used to make a product and waste is thrown away in order to make products as cheaply as possible, with many environmental consequences - links to cradle to grave production, which is considering a product’s lifecycle until it is disposed of
- circular - a system that aims to minimise waste and extract the maximum possible use from resources - links to cradle to cradle production, which considers the complete life cycle including its reuse and recycle after initial use
17
Q
6 R’s of sustainability
A
rethink (better ways to make it less environmentally damaging) , recycle (can components be recycled easily after its use), repair (can it be repaired easily), refuse (consumers may not buy product if unethical), reduce (can materials be reduced), reuse ( can it be reused)
18
Q
life cycle analysis
A
an assessment of a product’s environmental impact throughout its lifetime
19
Q
fair trade
A
- sets up partnership schemes between producers, businesses and consumers
- gives workers a fair share of the profits or fairer wages
- protects worker’s rights and protects farmers from price fluctuations
- often more expensive and could discourage consumers from buying product
20
Q
carbon footprint
A
the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere as a result of human activities
21
Q
ecological deficit
A
a measure which shows that more natural resources are being used than nature can replace
22
Q
carbon neutral
A
no net release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, so that carbon is offset
23
Q
electroluminescent material
A
- made from a thin copper wire coated in phosphor powder
- produces a glowing light when exposed to an alternating current
- flexible, do not generate heat and are more reliable
24
Q
quantum tunneling composite
A
- materials that can change from insulators to conductors when under pressure
- when compressed, the nickel particles make contact with each other, leading to an increase in conductivity
25
shape memory alloys
- return to original shape when heated
- uses include medical applications such as fastenings used in bone fractures
26
polymorph
- thermoforming polymer in granular form
- when heated it softens and forms material that can be moulded and shaped and solidifies on cooling
- useful for model making and prototyping
27
photochromic pigment
- change colour in response to light
- sunglasses change colour in response to UV radiation
28
thermochromic pigment
- change colour in response to a change in heat
- can be used in baby bottles to give an indication of the temperature of the milk
29
micro-encapsulation
- process of applying microscopic capsules contains various substances to fabrics and paper
- can contain vitamins or oils or antibacterial chemicals which are released through friction
30
biomimicry
- taking ideas from or mimicking nature
- swimwear (e.g. Speedo) mimics a sharks skin for reducing drag in the water
31
carbon fibre reinforced polymer
- woven carbon fibre strands encased in a polymer resin
- high tensile strength and is lightweight and rigid
- often used in tennis racquets where strength to weight ratio is important
32
Kevlar
- lightweight, flexible and extremely durable aramid fibre that has an excellent resistance to heat, corrosion and chemical damage
- often used in protective clothing such as police body armour to protect against knife attack
33
glass reinforced plastic
- glass fibres and a polyester resin
- rigid and tough and lightweight
- irreversible reaction so difficult to recycle
- used in surfboards and canoes and car bodywork
34
interactive textiles
- when electronic devices are integrated into or embedded into textile fabrics or clothing to interact with the wearer
35
microfibres
- extremely fine and lightweight synthetic fibres that are significantly finer than a human hair
- examples include polyester and nylon
- excellent strength to weight ratio, water resistance and breathability
36
phase changing materials
- change from one state to another with the ability to store and release heat over a small temperature range
- used in fabric in winter to allow body heat to be stored and then released when needed
37
breathable fabrics
- has a hydrophilic membrane that stops water passing through but can absorb and diffuse water vapour molecules
- perspiration can permeate through but rain droplets and wind cannot enter
- used in high performance clothing and footwear to maintain a constant temperature by allowing the flow of air in and out
38
sun protective clothing
- tightly woven or knitted fabrics are significantly better at blocking out UV rays
39
nomex
- aramid synthetic fibre used where resistance to heat and flames is essential, as well as being very strong
- used in firefighters uniforms as can withstand even the most extreme conditions
40
geotextiles
- textiles associated with soil, construction and drainage
- ability to filter, separate, protect and drain
- for example used in the control of coastal erosion and drainage
41
rhovyl
- non flammable synthetic fibre
- crease resistant, good thermal and acoustic properties, antibacterial and comfortable to wear
- wicks away moisture through the fabric and dries quickly and does not retain odours, making it ideal for socks
42
microcontroller
- a mini computer, embedded in a product, programmed to perform a specific task
- can be reprogrammed, which is useful for product development or upgrades
- can be found in toasters, TVs, microwave ovens, etc.
43
rotary motion
movement in a circular path
44
linear motion
movement in a straight line
45
oscillating motion
movement back and forth in a circular path
46
reciprocating motion
movement back and forth in a straight line
47
rotational speed
number of revolutions/ time taken
48
lever, fulcrum, effort and load
- lever: a rigid bar that pivots on a fulcrum
- fulcrum: the pivot point on a lever
- effort: the input force
- load: the output force
49
linkages and different types?
- a linkage is a component to direct forces and movement to where they are needed
- a simple pulley changes the direction of motion of a cord
- a reverse motion linkage will reverse the direction of input motion
- a bell crank will transfer motion around a corner
- a peg and slot converts rotary motion into oscillating motion
- a crank and slider converts rotary motion into reciprocating motion
50
cams and different types?
- a cam and follower converts rotary motion into reciprocating motion
- a snail cam causes the follower to steadily rise followed by a sudden drop
- a pear shaped cam creates a sudden rise and fall followed by a long period where the follower does not move
- the eccentric cam creates an even fall and rise motion throughout its rotation
51
gear systems
- gear systems transfer rotary motion
- input gear is called the driver gear and the output gear is called the driven gear
- they will rotate in opposite directions and the smaller gear will rotate faster than the larger gear
52
spur gear
a gear with teeth around its edge
53
gear speed
input/ output = teeth on driven gear/driver gear
54
belt drives
- a pulley and belt transfers rotary motion
- the input and output pulleys rotate in the same direction
- e.g. used in workshop bench drills
55
rack and pinion
- converts rotary motion into linear motion
- e.g. stairlifts and sliding doors
56
how to classify boards and papers
- each paper sheet is double the size of the one before it
- a weight greater that 170gsm is classified as a board rather than a paper
- boards are classified by weight and thickness (microns)
57
layout paper
- smooth surface, cheap, thin enough to trace and copy parts of designs
- often used for sketching and developing design ideas
58
tracing paper
- thin and very transparent, hard wearing and strong
- mistakes can be scratched off using a sharp blade
- used for making copies of drawings and fine details
59
copier paper
- smooth surface
- usually used for printing, photocopying, general office purposes
60
cartridge paper
- available in different weights
- more expensive that layout and copier paper
- has slightly textured surface and creamier in colour
- ideals surface for pencils, crayons, paints, inks and pastels
- mostly used for sketching, drawing and painting
61
virgin fibre paper vs recycled paper
- paper and card are made from wood fibres called cellulose
- virgin fibre: paper made entirely from new wood pulp and treated with chemicals
- recycled: soaking waste paper to separate fibres back into pulp, refined and remade into paper, each time paper is recycled fibres become shorter and weaker and worse quality
- paper with high quantities of pulp from recycled fibres are often used for newspapers or packaging
62
card
- wide range of colour and sizes
- easy to fold, cut or print on
- used for greeting cards, paperback book covers, and simple models
63
cardboard
- thicker than card
- inexpensive and can be cut, folded and printed on easily
- used for packaging and card modelling
64
folding boxboard
- similar in thickness to carboard but more rigid and lightweight
- made of layers of mechanical pulp sandwiched between two thinner layers of chemical pulp
- a coating is applied to one side to give it a smoother texture and white colour
- used for packaging such as frozen foods and medicines
65
corrugated cardboard
- a strong but lightweight type of card
- made from to layers of card with a fluted sheet in between
- good heat-insulating properties
- used for packaging fragile or delicate items that need protection during transportation
- also used for packaging takeaway food
66
board sheets
- extremely thick and rigid
- available in different colours
- used for picture framing mounts and architecture modelling
67
paper laminating
1) coating - reduces absorbency, give clearer printing and increase strength
2) thin film of clear plastic - improves strength and resistance and waterproofs the document, thereby increasing lifespan
68
what are ferrous metals
- metals that contain iron
- steel is the most popular use of steel - it is easy to recycle
- most ferrous metals are magnetic due to iron content
- they are prone to corrosion when exposed to moisture and oxygen
69
types of ferrous metals
- the more carbon in the steel, the harder and less malleable the steel becomes
- mild steel: good tensile strength and malleable, often used for car bodywork and office furniture
- medium-carbon steel: high strength, less malleable, used for gardening tools
- high-carbon steel: very high strength but even less malleable, used for cutting tools such as saws and drill bits
- cast iron: hard but brittle, metalwork vices and cookware
70
aluminium
- extremely lightweight, soft and malleable
- used for drink cans, foils, kitchen utensils, and aeroplane parts
71
lead
- heavy, soft, highly malleable, ductile
- used for fishing and driving weights, roofing and batteries
72
copper
- good electrical conductivity, good thermal conductivity, corrosion resistant
- used for plumbing pipes, electrical wires, and roofing
73
brass
- made of copper, zinc and lead
- easy to cast, lustrous appearance
- used for locks, gears, bearings and musical instruments
73
stainless steel
- made of iron, carbon, manganese, chromium
- extremely hard, corrosion resistant and bright shiny finish
- used in surgical equipment and cutlery
74
bronze
- made of copper and tin
- good resistance to corrosion and fatigue, good electrical resistance, high elasticity
- used for coins, ship propellers
75
metal finishes
- ferrous metals needs to be painted, electroplated or galvanized in order to prevent them from rusting
- non ferrous metals may discolor due to oxidation, can be protected by chrome plating or coating with clear lacquer
76
thermosetting polymers
polymer that can only be softened by heating and shaped once - they make excellent insulators
77
thermoforming polymers
polymers that can be softened by heating, re-shaped and set over and over again - can be recycled
78
polypropylene
- thermoforming polymer
- semi-rigid, good chemical and heat resistance, tough
- buckets, bowls, crates, toys and bottle caps
79
polythene
- thermoforming polymer
- tough, flexible, easily moulded
- carrier bags, bin liners, washing up bottles
80
polystyrene
- thermoforming polymer
- lightweight, food safe, good impact strength
- used for disposable plastic cutlery, CD cases, smoke detector housings
81
polyvinyl chloride
- thermoforming polymer
- rigid, dense, good tensile strength
- used for water pipes, window frames and flooring
82
melamine formaldehyde
- thermosetting
- tasteless, odourless, chemical, heat and impact resistant
- used for household crockery items, toilet seats and pan handles
83
urea formaldehyde
- thermosetting
- hardwearing and durable, insulator, low water absorption
- used for electrical fittings
84
epoxy resin
- thermosetting
- rigid, brittle. good chemical resistance
- used for moulds for casting, adhesives and circuit boards
85
polyester resin
- thermosetting
- rigid, brittle, good chemical resistance
- used for moulds for casting and car body shells
86
how to make textiles
1) fibres are very fine hair like structures that are spun together to make yarns
2) yarns are then woven or knitted together to make textiles
87
cellulosic fibres
natural fibres from plant based sources
88
protein fibres
natural fibres from animal based sources
89
cotton
- plant based
- absorbent, lightweight, cool to wear, hard-wearing, smooth, creases easily, flammable
- used for clothing, sewing and knitting
90
linen
- plant based
- absorbent, strong, cool to wear, hard wearing, natural appearance, creases easily, flammable
- used for lightweight summer clothing, table linen cloths
91
hemp
- plant based
- absorbent, non-static, anti-bacterial, naturally lustrous, strong
- used for clothing, carpets and rugs, ropes
92
jute
- plant based
- very absorbent, high tensile strength, anti-static
- bags, carpets, sacking, upholstery
93
silk
- insect based
- absorbent, comfortable to wear, strong when dry, has a natural sheen, creases
- luxury clothing, soft furnishings
94
wool
- animal based
- warm, absorbent, low flammability, good elasticity, crease resistant
- warm outerwear such as coats, knitwear, carpets and blankets
95
viscose
- plant/chemical based
- blends well with other fibres, breathable, drapes well, excellent colour retention, high absorbent and light
- shirts, shorts, coats and other outerwear
96
rayon
- plant/chemical based
- comfortable, soft, moderate strength
- blouses, jackets, sportswear
97
polyester
- synthetic polymer
- strong, flame resistant, thermoplastic, hard wearing, poor absorbency
- very versatile used throughout textiles
98
nylon (polyamide)
- synthetic polymer
- strong and hard-wearing, can melt if burned, thermoplastic, good elasticity, poor absorbency
- clothing, carpets and rugs, seatbelts, tents
99
polypropylene
- synthetic polymer
- low melting point, strong, crease resisant, thermoplastic, non-absorbent, durable
- carpet backing, webbing, fishing nets, ropes
100
acrylic
- synthetic polymer
- strong except wet, thermoplastic, poor absorbency
- knitwear, fake fur, upholstery
101
elastane
- synthetic polymer
- very elastic and stretchy, lightweight, durable
- clothing, particularly swimwear and sportswear
102
aramid fibre
- synthetic polymer
- strength and heat resistance, no melting point, five times stronger than nylon, resistant to abrasion, ease of care
- flame resistant and protective clothing, armour, high risk sports equipment
103
tactel
- manufactured microfibre
- made from polyamide (nylon) fibre
- hardwearing, quick drying, crease resistant
- often blended with cotton or linen, used for underwear
104
tencel
- natural microfibre
- made from cellulose wood fibre
- biodegradable, strong, soft, absorbent, crease-resistant
- shirts, skirts, suits, leggings
105
why are fibres often blended together
- to improve the properties of the yarn, for example to improve the appearance or functionality
- to reduce costs
106
composition of mixed fibres
- warp: yarn that runs along the length of the fabric (vertical)
- weft: combined with the warp runs across the fabric (horizontal)
107
woven fabrics
- consist of warp and weft yarns in an under/over configuration
- different weaves (the pattern woven in the production of fabric) create different textures and strengths
- e.g. plain weave, twill weave (used for denim jeans) gives a diagonal pattern and adds strength
108
non woven fabrics
- constructed from a web of fibres, held together by adhesive or stitching
- often not strong enough to be made into garments but used to reinforce knitted or woven fabrics
- can be used to make disposable products such as surgical masks or cleaning wipes
109
knitted fabrics
- series of loops in the yarn that interlock together
- easy to stretch and warmer to wear as loops trap body heat
