Women's CIvil Rights Flashcards
Womens workforce statistics in 1900
- 17% of women worked
- Only 5% of married women worked
- the social expectation that women would give up their job when they married
social spheres
women’s sphere is seen as the home and children
Men’s sphere seen as the public sphere and work, government, and politics
What did Westward expansion mean for women?
1860’s
- freedom
- Escape from domestic life
- women in the west had to work on the farm to produce enough food
Civil War
1865
- a first event that drew women into the workforce
- however, all women returned to domestic life post-civil war and attitudes did not alter
American Woman’s Suffrage Association - AWSA
1869
- Led by Lucy Stone
- Thought the best way to get the vote was to focus on state rather than national campaigns
- supported the 15th Amendment and feared it would not pass if women’s suffrage was included in it
National Women’s Suffrage Campaign
1869
- Led by Susan B Antony and Elizabeth Stanton
Beliefs - campaigned for a constitution amendment for women suffrage
- anrgy that AA men were getting the vote before women
Role of Educating Women
1870
- female high school graduates outnumbered male graduates
- 11,000 female graduates
- 1880 Literacy rates for women were better than those amongst men
Comstock Law
1873
- banned the3 sending of obscene items in the male ie birth control
Women’s Christian Temperance Union WCTU
1874
- Led by Frances Willard
- lobbied for local laws restricting alcohol
Minor v Happerset
1875
- Ruled that women were US citizens
Dawes Act
1887
- NA women in matriarchal tribes lost their position as the property owners
Hull House
1889
- Jane Adams
- Halfway house for female immigrants
Wyoming Women’s Suffrage
Which states and when did they follow suit
1890
- first state to giev women the vote
- 1893 - Colardo
- 1896 - Utah
- 1896 - Idaho
National American Woman Suffrage Association - NAWSA
1890
- merged AWSA and NWSA
National Consumers League
1899
- Frances Kelly
- aim to secure better working conditions, higher pay and shorter working hours
National Association of Coloured Women
1896
NAWSA 1900 leader? and Policies?
- Carrie Chapman Catt
Lobbying under Catt more succesful due to use of leaflets and lobbying of politicians, marches and meetings
Women’s Trade Union League
1903
- aim: 8 hour working day and minimum wage
Muller v Orgeon
1908
- Result, SC ruled it was constitutional to have maximum hour laws imposed on women
Women in Washington
1913
- Alice Paul led a deomstration of 5000 women
- on the day of President Wilson’s inauguration
- Successful as it fouced national attention on women
National Women Party
1914
- Alice Paul
- reolicated the methods of British suffragists
- 7 month Pickett
- Force feeding stories
First Birth Control Clinic
1916
- Margret Sanger
- 500 visits in 10 days
- Brooklyn NY
- Higlighted the demand for BC
WW1
1914
- 1 million women drawn into industry
New York v Sanger
1918
- SC ruled tat doctors could prescribe birth control to be used for medical purposes
- ie life threatening pregnancies
19th Amendment
1919 - approved by congress
1920 - Ratifed
- Wilson
- NA and AA women unable to vote due to Poll taxes and grandfather clauses
1920 Presidential election polling statistics
40% of women voted compared to 75% of men in Presedential election
when were women banned from working and in how many states
1920
- 26 staes banned owmen from working
How many women were in the House of Representatives in 1920?
- 9 women out 435
American Birth Control League
1921
- established by sanger
co;;evcted eveidnece for negative birth control methods
Legal Birth Control Clinic
1923
- with the ointent of only issuing contraceptives for medical purposes
Equal Rights Amendment proposed
1923
- by Alice Paul
- manu women opposed the ERA fearing that it would terminate laws that benefitted women
- I - Catt, Jane Adams, Phyllis Schlafly opposed it
Atkins v Children’s Hospital
1923
- estabished a minimum wage for women in Washington DC
Radice v New York
1924
- SC ruling, prohibiting the qworking of women i restraunts between 10 pm an 6am
Flappers
1920s
- white middle calss
- Petting Parties
Synthesis - 90% of women lived below the poverty line and couldn’t afford to be Flappers
- older generations and religions sects disproved - Anti Flirt Club formed
How many women worked in 1929
10.6 million women in work
Bryn Mawr Summer School
1921
- educated 100 low skill femae workers for 8 weeks each summer in liberal arts
- ecouraged to seek leadership roles
National Federal Economy Act
1932
- prohibited a women from wokring in the civils service is her husband did
Who was the First woman in the US senate and when?
1932
- Hattie W Caraway
The 21st Amendment
1933
- Repeal Prohibition
How many women were looking for work during the depression
4 million women
Indian Reorganization Act
1934
- Advanced NA womens CR
Wagner Act
1935
- set a minimum wage
Aid to Dependent Children
1935
- women with childeren unabloe to work
Social Security Act
1935
- l
wefare benefits for famiies witout a working man
Gallup Poll
1936
- 82% of people hated women workoing
Us v One Package
1936
- SC ruled doctors could send contarceptives in the post
When did DC set a minimum wage for women?
1918, the District of Columbia passed a law setting a minimum wage for women and children laborers
Fair Labour Standards Act
1938
- minimum wage
- however female teachetrs still earned 20% less than male teachers in 1939
Political progress under Roosevelt
1933 - Frances Perkins appointed secretary of Labour
- Mary Mclead Bethune became director of Negro affairs in the national youth administration
National Recovery Administration
- NRA focused on heavy industries
- therefore most women didn’t get aminumin wgae of 40 hour work week
WW2 and Women’s Attitudes
- 6 million women joined the workforce
- became 35% of the workforce in 1945 compared to only 25% IN 1940
West Coast Hotel v Parrish
1937
- overturned womens minimum wage Washington DC
GI Bill
1944
- helped WW1 veterans
Women’s Bureau established
1944
- to adress the pay gap
How many women were in the workforce in 1945
- 13 million wome in work
- 75% wanted to stay
Baby Boom
1946
- 3.5 milllion abbies born record number
- Benjmain Spock - common sense Book of bay and child care
Female College Graduates in the 1950’s
90% married within a year
Rosa Parks
1955
- inspires Montgommery bus boycott
FDA approves the Pill
1960
Equal Pay Act
1963
- Kennedy
The Feminine Mystique
1963
- Betty Frienden
Civil Rights Act
1964
- LBJ
- set up Equal Empoloyment Opportunity Commision
Grisworld v Conneticut
1965
-SC ruled that married couples could use the pill
National Organization for Women
1966
- Betty Freiden
National Organization for the Repeal of Abortion Laws
1969
- Betty Frieden
- lobbied for the government to repeal abortion laws
Womens Liberation
1968
- protested outside Miss World marching around the Freedom trashcan
- “Bra Burners”
1969 - organized an Aboritionspeakout in NYC
No Fault Divorce Law
1969
- made it easier for women to get a divorce they no longer had to prove their husband had been unfaithful
National Womens Political Caucus
1971
- recruited a trained women to becomere political candidates
First edition of ‘Ms’ Magazine
1972
- Gloria Steinem
Who and When was the First famele nominee
1972
- Shirley Chisolm
Stop ERA
1972
- Phyllis Schlafly
Eisnstead v Baird
1972
- unmarried persons could buy the pill
Equal Employement Opportunity Act
1972
- stated that men and women in the same job must be payed the same amount
ERA in Congress
1972
- passed but was not ratified
Roe v Wade
1973
- SC ruled that abortion laws violated individual privacy and thus were unconstitutional
Equal Credit Opportunity
1974
- allowd women to have the opportunity to open a bank account
Hyde Amendment
1976
- legislative provision abnning teh sue of federal funds for abortion unless it is to save life occurs from incest or rape
Preganancy Dismcrimination Act
1978
- prohibits discrimination of women when employing for reasons including pregnancy childbirth and related appointments
Gag Rule
1981
- prohibits doctors mentioning abortion as an option
- Reagan
- until 1989
Abortion Control Act
1982
- Pennsyvania
- imposed 24 hour waiting list on women wanting to have an abortion
- Teenagers wanting an abortion, needed parents permission
Final outcome for the ERA
1982
- ERA not ratifed as a result of Schalfly’s campaigning
- 35 out of a needed majority of 38 ratified
Who was the first femae Vice President candidate?
1984
Geraldine Ferrero
How much were Educated White Women earning in 1990?
98% of male pay
Glass Ceiling Commission
1991
- established to strudy the barriers facing women and minorities from climbing te corporate heirachy
Maternity Leave
1992
- Federal Government refused legislation on maternity leave
Planned Parenthood v Casey
1992
- outlawed abortions terminating Viable foetuses
Gag Rue repealed
1992
- Bill Clinton
How many women voted in 1997?
- 60 million women voted
The Power of the Positive Woman
1977
- Phylysis Schlaflys book
- The power of the positive woman stated that a positive woman unersatnds that men and woman are different
- her book demonstrated continuity form the early periods following the idea of separate spheres
Raegan views on women
1980 Reagan applauded women for staying home, and being mothers and homemakers
Coalition of Labour Union Women
1974
- a bridging organization that seeks to make connection between the feminist movement and trade unions
Family and Medica Leave Act
1990
- George Bush Vetoed it, as it would impose strains on businesses further dampening the economy
- the bill that would require larger companies to grant at least 12 weeks of unpaid leave to any employee to deal with a birth or adoption, a parent’s or spouse’s sickness, or other family emergencies.
Judges appointed to SC after Roe v Wade
1981 - Sandra Day O’connor - appointed as a justice in the supreme court
-Raegan
1991
- Clarence Thomas -appointed to SC
- George Bush
Both were against abortion - impact on women would be less favorable rulings if the topic of abortion was returned to the SC
Who and when was the first black congresswoman?
1968 - Shirley Chisholm
