Native Americans Flashcards
Sand Creek Massacre
1864
- Cheyenne and Arapaho massacred by Colonel Chivington’s Colorado volunteers
- The cause was the long conflict for control of the plains of eastern Colorado
Transcontinental Railway
1868
Great Sioux Reservation
1868
- established by Fort Laramie
Indian Appropriation Act
1871
- wards of the US government
- “no tribe would be recognized as an independent nation…with whom the US should contract with treaty”
- Meant all previous treaties made with the government invalid.
Battle of Little Bighorn
1876
- NA victory
- Confirmed for many whites that NA were savages and dangerous
Carlisle Boarding School / Boarding Schools
1879
- purpose was to civilise NA
- couldn’t speak native language at school
- Tribes rations were suspended if they refused to send their children to the school
Indian Rights Assocaition
1882
- Group of white social activists dedicated to helping NA
Code of Religious Offences
1883
-restricted the religious practises of and ceremonies of NA
Crow Dog
1883
- Supreme Court ruled that Crow Dog would only face tribal punishment because the act of murder against another NA occurred in NA territory
Major Crimes Act
1885
- In response to Crow Dog
- Congress passed the act drawing certain crimes under federal jurisdiction
Dawes Act
1887
E - 160 acres of land allocated to each male head of the family
E - 2/3 of NA land lost, 90 million acres
S - Matriarchal tribes disrespected, tribal leadership and communal living changed
P - given citizenship but unable to vote
Curtis Act
1898
- land allotment process for the 5 civilised tribes
Wounded Knee Massacre
1890
NA lost the battle but gained white sympathy
- 300 Lakota massacred
Lone Wolf v Hitchcock
1902
- Ruled that any treaty made with NA could be overturned
Cherokee v Hitchcock
1903
- Ruled that congress had the power to modify or terminate any treaties with NA without their consent
Muskogee Convention
1905
- Attempt of the 5 civilized tribes to create a NA state
Society of American Indian
1911
- 50 NA formed the group
- formed to address issues such as NA healthcare, education and Civil Rights
Indian Citizenship Act
1924
- Gave NA citizenship
American Indian Defence Association (AIDA)
1923
- Formed by John Collier
- fought to protect religious freedom and tribal property for NA in the US
Dance Order (Leavitt BIll)
1923
- This bill threatened to remove the right of Pueblo Indians to perform some of their traditional dances in New Mexico.
However, AIDA was able to block the bill successfully.
Bursum Bill
1922
- Allowed non-NA to retain any NA land they had previously squatted on
- The Bursum Bill of 1922 posed a threat as it would authorize the acquisition of Pueblo lands
- AIDA was able to successfully block the bill
Meriam Report
1928
- Report investigating the condition NA faced
- Found that the government was failing to look after NA
- Influenced future policy on NA
Indian Reorganization Act (IRA)
1934
- John Collier is responsible for getting it through BIA
- gave NA recognition as a sovereign nation and allowed them to contract with the congres
- Ended the Dawes allotment policy
- restored some NA land that had been lost
WW2
Urbanization - S - NA drawn to cities lived in ghettos and spoke tribal languages
E - improve the economic status of individuals
- 1945 NA salary was £2500 double what they earned in 1940
S - NA fought with whites, and used tribal languages to communicate as a form of code taking.
- recognition for their bravery and military talent and tactic
National Congress of American Indians (NCAI)
1944
- Founded to represent tribes and resist Federal Government pressure to terminate tribal rights and resort to assimilation
Harrison v Laveen
1948
- Result - NA in Arizona given suffrage de jure
Indian Claims Commission
1948
- helped mediate between NA and US Gov to win compensation for NA for stolen land lost
Bureau of Indian Affairs
1948
- John Collier was FDR’s Commissioner for the BIA
- Aimed to work out what NA needed and fund them
Termination
1953 - 1970
- Eisenhower’s policy
- Ended treatment of NA as a sovereign Nation
- Full cultural Assimilation of NA
Termination
1953 - 1960
- Eisenhower’s policy
- Ended treatment of NA as a sovereign Nation
- Full cultural Assimilation of NA
Indian Vocational Training Act
1956
- US law to encourage NA to leave their reservations
Red Power
- Emerged in 1960’s
National Indian Youth Council
1961
1960’s - NIYC worked to preserve fishing rights
The 1970s - NIYC focused on environmental concerns and aided tribes suffering from the adverse effects of contamination from coal strip mining and uranium mining.
- The NIYC focused on improving public education and job training for NA promoting religious freedom, and increasing political participation
Indian Civil Rights Act
1968
- E - Improved NA living conditions
Affirmative Action
1968
- Nixons
- Nixons pledge to restore lost land
Siege of Alcatraz
1969
American Indian Movement (AIM)
1968
- centered in urban areas to address systematic issues of poverty
-
Native American Rights Fund = NARF
What were the court cases the handled ?
1970
- NA CR group used the courts to gain
- 1974 Oneida Tribe v Oneidaa County
- 1976 Fisher v Montana
- 1980 Us v Sioux Nation
- 1988 Carrier v Bell
Trail of Broken Treaties
1972
- AIM occupied the BIA
- violence between NA and US guards
Title VII
1972
- Employment preference for NA in the BIA
Indian Education Act
1972
- FUnds for NA schools substantially increased
Indian Policy Review Commission
1975
Oneida State v Oneida Nation
1975
- Result - Oneida tribe had their land returned
Fisher v Montana
1976
- Tribes allowed to decide on adoption parents
Religious Freedoms Act
1978
- Allowed NA to practise their own religion
Women of All Red Nations
1974
- 300 women from 30 tribes
- worked for NA health and restoring treaty rights
- fought commercialization of NA culture
Indian Child Welfare Act
1978
- Gave tribes the right to decide on adoption
Reagan
The 1980s
- NA capitalism
- Aimed to make NA self-sufficient
United States v Sioux Nation
1980
- SC ruled Sioux were entitled to financial compensation for the Black Hills of Dakota
- Refused it
Seminole v Butterworth
1982
- Ruled Seminole could run a Bingo Bussiness on their Reservation
Carrier v Bell
1988
- All NA artifacts found in Louisiana county were to be returned to the tribes
Graves Act
1990
- NA artifacts in museums must be returned
NA languages Act
1990
- Allowed the use of NA languages as a medium of instruction in schools
Occupation of Pine Ridge
1973
- Protesting against BIA and the broken treaties
Longest Walk
1978
- Final event of the Red Power Movement
- NA marched from San Fran to Washington DC to symbolize the forced removal of NA form their homeland through Trail of Tears
Indian Self Determination Act
1975
P - Gove abandoned the policy of assimilation
- Tribes free to govern themselves and could negotiate contracts
- E - gave NA funds to work towards self sufficiency
Indian Healthcare Improvement Act
1976
- medicine scholarships for NA
Great Society Programme
1963
- Aimed to improve NA lives
National Council of Indian Opportunity
- Improve education, provide adequate housing and give legal help
Medicine Lodge Treaty
1967
- Created a reservation Oklahoma for five NA tribes
Porter v Hall
1928
- limited NA vote in Arizona
