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African American Civil Rights Flashcards

1
Q

13th Amendment

A

1865

- outlawed slavery and established Freedmans Bureau

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2
Q

Freedmen’s Bureau

A

1865
- provide food, shelter, clothing, medical services, and land to displaced Southerners, including newly freed African Americans.

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3
Q

Ku Klux Klan

A

1865
used intimidation, violence, and murder to maintain white supremacy in Southern government and social life. It disappeared in the 1870s, but formed again in 1915 and has continued to the present day.

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4
Q

Civil Rights Act 1866

A

1866 passed
- gave AA citizens full and equal benefits of the law (de jure)

1875
- the Civil Rights Act affirmed the “equality of all men before the law” and prohibited racial discrimination in public places and facilities such as restaurants and public transportation.

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5
Q

Black Codes

A

1866

  • Andrew Johnson
  • Black Codes restricted black people’s right to own property, conduct business, buy and lease land, and move freely through public spaces.
  • A central element of the Black Codes were vagrancy laws. States criminalized men who were out of work, or who were not working at a job whites recognized.
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6
Q

First Reconstruction Act

A

1867

- divides the states into military districts and enforced states to adopt constitutions including black suffrage

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7
Q

14th Amendment

A

1968

- Citizenship Clause, Privileges or Immunities Clause, Due Process Clause, and Equal Protection Clause.

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8
Q

President Grant

A

1968

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9
Q

15th Amendment

A

1870

- gave AA the right to vote (de jure)

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10
Q

First Enforcement Act

A

1870

- banned discrimination based on race, colour or previous condition of servitutude

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11
Q

Second Enforcement Act

A

1871

  • overturned state laws that prevented AA from voting
  • provided federal supervision of elections
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12
Q

Hiram Revels

A

1871

- First AA elected to the senate

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13
Q

Blanche K Bruce

A

1875

- second black elected to the senate

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14
Q

Slaughterhouse decision

A

1873
- SC rued to uphold the power of states

  • impact on AA was negative as this led to the introduction of segregation laws and laws that prevented them from suffrage and property ownership
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15
Q

Hayes-Tilden Compromise

A

1877

  • Hayes won the presidency without the popular vote
  • to increase his popularity he ended military surveillance in southern states
  • He allowed border states to make their own laws

Impact - Removal of troops meant there was no one to enforce AA CR de facto
- state laws meant that AA were discriminated against and segregation came in through Jim Crow laws

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16
Q

Jim Crow Laws

A

1881
- Tennesse passed the first of the Jim Crow Laws

  • they were laws enforcing segregation
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17
Q

Tuskegee Institute

A

1881

  • founded by Booker T Washington
  • focused on the education of AA
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18
Q

When was the 1875 CRA declared unconstitutional

A

1883

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19
Q

Knights of the White Camellia

A

1887

  • high membership
  • deep south
  • effective methods
  • tended not to use violence
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20
Q

Mississippi Poll Tax

A

1890

- to prevent de facto AA voting

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21
Q

Anti-Lynching campaign

A

1892

- Ida B Wells

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22
Q

Plessy v Ferguson

A

1896

- Ruled - separate but equal

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23
Q

Atlanta Compromise

A

1895

  • speech by BT Washington
  • AA should focus economic advancement rather than political change
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24
Q

Mississippi v Williams

A

1898

  • Ruled that Poll Taxes weren’t unconstitutional
  • as they did not deliberately exclude AA
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25
Cummings v Board of Education
1898 | - separate but equal applied to schools
26
Niagra Movement
1905 - Du Bois founded the movement - the aim was to gain full equality
27
Great Migration
1910-20
28
National Urban League
1911 - founded with the purpose of eliminating racial segregation in urban areas - improvement of industrial conditions for AA
29
Wilson's Government
1910 - Wilson Government is segreagated - Du Bois ciritisizes it
30
Guinn v US
1915 | - grandfather clauses ruled unconstitutional
31
How many parallel businesses were there by 1915 and why?
- 30,000 parallel businesses
32
Universal Negro Association
1916 - Garvey - aimed to move AA back to Africa
33
1917 Violence towards AA?
40 AA killed in St Loius - wartime industry, due to race hatred
34
Red Summer
1919 | - riots
35
Harlem Renaissance
The 1920s | - black jazz
36
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
1925 | - Philip Randolph
37
How many members and when was the height of KKK membership?
1924 | - 5 million members
38
How many AA were out of work during the great depression?
1929 | - 50% unemployment rate
39
Scottsboro Case
1931 - 9 black boys falsely accused of raping two - leading to outrage across the nation from blacks and whites
40
Gaines v Canada
1933 | - ruled that separate but equal must really be equal
41
Black Court of African American Advisors
1933
42
National Industry Recovery Act
1933 | - codes to agree production wages
43
Wagner Act
1935 | - set minimum
44
Wagner Act
1935 - set minimum wage and maximum hour limit - Trade unions were legalized
45
New Deal impact on African Americans
1933 - 30% of AA on ND relief program - provided 1 million AA with jobs
46
Eleanor Roosevelt
1939 - Mariam Anderson was banned from singing at the hall of the Daughters of the American Revolution - Eleanor Roosevelt protests this and gets Anderson a slot to sing at the Lincoln Memorial
47
Fair Employment Practises Commission
1941 | - FDR issued an executive order banning discrimination
48
Detroit Race Riots
1943 | - 25 AA killed 9 whites
49
Alabama Walkout
1943 | - white workers walked out after an AA colleague was promoted
50
Truman and AA
1948 | - ends segregation in the military
51
Brown v Board of Education
1953 | - Ruled that schools segregation was unconstitutional
52
When was Brown v Board of Education Enforced?
1955 | - court published implementation guides for school desegregation
53
White Citizens Council
1955 | - formed to oppose Brown v B of E
54
Rosa Parks | what are the links across the period?
1955 - inspires Montgomery Bus Boycott Link - segregation of transport begins in 1881 with Tennesse, shows continuity
55
Emett Till
1955 - media attention - cases outrage - sympathy for AA
56
Southern Christian Leadership Comittee
1957 - MLK - peaceful protest
57
Little Rock Nine
1957 - 9 black kids - Eisenhower sends in military troops to allow them to attend school
58
Browder v Gayle
1956 | - Rules bus segregation unconstituational
59
Kennedy
1961- 63
60
Boynton v Virginia
1960 | - Interstate transport must be desegregated
61
March on Washington
1963 - MLK - Lincoln Memorial - "I have a dream" - 200,000
62
Civil Rights Act
1964 - LBJ - outlawed segregation
63
Voting Rights Act
1965 | - made it illegal to limit the amount of people able to vote
64
Black Panther Party
1966 | - founded and made 10 point program
65
Loving v Virgina
1967 | - Ruled that state laws forbidding segregation were unconstitutional
66
When was Thurgood Marshall appointed to the Supreme Court?
1967
67
Kerner Commission
1968 | - Created to investigate race riots and there causes
68
MLK Assassinated
1968
69
Fair Housing Act
1968 - stated that it was unlawful to discriminate against the sale or rental of Housing - de facto segregation remained because of economic gap between blacks and whites
70
Swann v Charlotte
1971 | - Implemented school desegregation
71
Griggs v Duke
1971 | - Ruled that the intelligence test was unconstitutional due to education disadvantages AA were subject to in the past
72
Jesse Jackson
1971 | - first black presidential candidate
73
Equal Emplyment Opportunity Act
1972
74
Miliken v Bradley
1974 | - limits bussing
75
Reagan
1978 | - ends Affirmative Action and cuts funding for AA
76
Bakke Decision
1978 - reverse discrimination - implemented because whites gaining higher test scores were being discrimanted against - invalidtes racial qoutas
77
Springfield Riots
1908 - police refused to hand over black man - whites retaliated by burning black homes and businesses
78
Boo Weevil
1892 | - further reduced crop yield, therfore AA oay reduce
79
Smiths v Allright
1944 | - overturned Texas law that had authorised parties to set their own internal rules
80
Grove City v Bell
1984 | - organizations had to comply with all civil rights before any federal funds were given
81
Green v Connaly
1970 | - federal fuding would be witheld from segregated instituations
82
How black elected officials were there by 1990 in Georgia
495
83
Civil Rights Act
1991 | - made it easier for employees to sue there employers for discrimination
84
President Clinton
1992 - AA appointed to high profile jobs - 14% of his administration was AA
85
When was Malcolm X assassinated?
1965
86
How many African Americans voted in the 1870s?
- 500,000 AA men voted - 2000 AA elected to Public office - demonstrates that AA did value there new political rights and therefore shows how much of an encroachment preventing them through poll taxes was
87
What was and when was the Rodney King case?
1991 - caught driving under the influence - he resisted arrest and was subjected to police brutality - it was filmed and saw an international viewing 1992 an all white jury acquitted the policeman - protests followed
88
Marquette Park
1966 - marched for better housing, education, and employment segregation - MLK - Chicago
89
Watt Riots
1965 - fed up with police brutality, discrimination, and poverty - AA in the North saw Malcolm X as a role model
90
Detroit Riot
1967 - protest housing and education segregation - police brutality occurred - led to LBJ setting up the Kerner Commission to investigate racism in the north

Civil Rights (3 decks)

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