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History - Nazi Germany > Women > Flashcards

Women Flashcards

1
Q

What did the Nazis provide to women which encouraged them to give up their jobs?

A

Marriage loans

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2
Q

How many women had left their jobs by 1934 to take advantage of marriage loans?

A

360,000

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3
Q

How did the Law to Reduce Unemployment (1933) discriminate against women?

A

It dismissed women in the top levels of the Civil Service.

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4
Q

What workplace were women excluded from working in in 1936?

A

In law and judiciary, except in administrative roles.

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5
Q

What proportion of women of working age were in employment by 1939?

A

Over half (whereas only 45% in Britain and 25% in America).

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6
Q

What was the enrolment of women to university capped at?

A

10%

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7
Q

How did the number of women working in industry change?

A

It increased from 1.21 million in 1933 to 1.85 million in 1938.

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8
Q

How did the number of female doctors change?

A

It increased from 6.5% in 1933 to 17% in 1944.

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9
Q

What percentage of an unskilled man’s wage did a women earn in 1933? How did this change by 1939?

A

1933 = 70% of an unskilled mans wage. 1939 = dropped to 66%.

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10
Q

What happened to many middle class women within months of Hitler coming to power?

A

Lost their jobs - female doctors, civil servants, teachers and lawyers.

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11
Q

Why were women’s wages made equal to men’s in some industries?

A

In order to persuade employers to hire men instead of women.

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12
Q

How did the number of female teachers change?

A

They decreased by 15% by 1935.

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13
Q

Why was more childcare provided during the war?

A

To encourage women to work

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14
Q

What was the NSV?

A

The Nazi Party’s People’s Welfare Organisation

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15
Q

How many kindergartens and crèches had the NSV provided?

A

By the end of 1942, 31,000 kindergartens and crèches.

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16
Q

What were women being trained to do by 1944 due to the severe shortage of men?

A

To operate anti-aircraft guns; they were sent to work in signal stations close to the front.

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17
Q

How much of the agricultural workforce did women make up in 1939 as opposed to 1944?

A

1939 = 36.6%
1944 = 65.5%

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18
Q

What were women allowed to do from October 1940?

A

To join the armed forces in women’s auxiliary services carrying out clerical and support work to free men up to fight.

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19
Q

What did the Nazis introduce in 1941 for women aged 18 to 40?

A

Compulsory military service - to increase the number of women working in the auxiliary services.

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20
Q

What were all women aged 17 to 45 required to do from January 1943?

A

They were required to register for work.

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21
Q

What effect did the requirement of all women 17-45 to work have?

A

Only 400,000 extra women were recruited by the end of the war.

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22
Q

What did the total number of women in Germany’s workforce change by between 1933-39?

A

Increased by 27%

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23
Q

What did the total number of women in Germany’s workforce change by between 1939-45?

A

Only 2% (in comparison to 50% in Britain) - Germany used foreign labour from conquered territories to help with the war effort.

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24
Q

Why was there a shift in attitudes towards women working during the war?

A

The war put pressure on production and employment as more men were conscripted into the armrest forces. This meant women were urged to join war work to help with this pressure.

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25
Q

What kind of war work did the government prefer for women to be doing?

A

In schools and on the land, rather than in mines and heavy industry (like the women in Britain were doing).

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26
Q

What happened to medical and welfare services for mothers under Nazi rule?

A

They improved

27
Q

How many mother and child centres were set up?

A

25,000

28
Q

How many women had visited new maternity centres by 1944?

A

5 million

29
Q

What did the Nuremberg Laws (1935) prohibit?

A

German Jews from marrying or having sexual relations with persons of “German or related blood.”

30
Q

What phrase summed up the expected traditional female role?

A

Kinder, Küche, Kirche

31
Q

What were women who conceived and raised children awarded from 1938?

A

The ‘Mother’s Cross’ and medals.

32
Q

What happened to marriage rates between 1932-34?

A

They increased from 516,000 to 740,000.

33
Q

What happened to women who were considered racially impure or genetically deficient?

A

They were forcibly sterilised. By law, doctors had to notify the authorities of patients who had given birth.

34
Q

How many women were sterilised in Hitler’s first year in office?

A

30,000

35
Q

How many women had been sterilised by 1937?

A

95,000

36
Q

What was the Lebensborn Programme?

A

Launched in 1935, this programme cared for unmarried, “racially pure” mothers and their children. It also encouraged “racially pure” women to visit organised brothels in order to conceive children with members of the SS.

37
Q

What was the attitude towards abortion?

A

Abortion was prohibited much more strictly than during the Weimar Republic, and those who had carried out the procedure were punished severely.

38
Q

What was introduced with regards to abortion in 1943?

A

The death penalty for anyone who had performed an abortion to terminate a ‘valuable’ pregnancy. They were accused of having carried out ‘racial sabotage’ in time of war.

39
Q

What were introduced for Aryan couples in 1933?

A

Marriage loans worthy just over half a year’s earnings. The repayment of the loan was reduced by 25% for each child couples raised. Income tax was reduced in proportion to the number of children a couple had; families with 6 or more did not pay any.

40
Q

What did it become easier to do in Nazi Germany?

A

Divorce

41
Q

What were couples allowed to do from 1938?

A

They could divorce their partners if they were infertile or did not want to have children. This would allow them to remarry and reproduce with a new spouse.

42
Q

What were banned in 1933?

A

Birth-control organisations which produced and distributed contraceptions.

43
Q

What were childless couples forced to do?

A

Had to pay higher taxes

44
Q

What kind of concessions did mothers receive?

A

Concessions on holidays, travel and entertainment. Many also received discounts on their household bills.

45
Q

How many female Nazi deputies were there in the Reichstag?

A

Zero

46
Q

What did the Nazis believe about women?

A

That they should remain in the home or private sphere, as public life was strictly a man’s world.

47
Q

What right was taken away from women in Nazi Germany?

A

The right to vote

48
Q

What did local governments pass laws to restrict in some parts of Germany?

A

Restricted women from singing, dancing or appearing bare-legged in public. The Nazis commissioned fashion designers to develop new styles of clothing that would reflect the Nazi views of gender.

49
Q

Who was Elisabeth Bergner?

A

A Jewish actress who gained fame in the WR. She was denounced by the Nazi Party in 1933 and forced it flee Germany to England to continue her career.

50
Q

Which women achieved a high-profile status in Nazi Germany?

A

The wives of senior Nazi officials

51
Q

Who was Emmy Göring?

A

She was once a German actress in the Weimar period. She was the wife of Hermann Göring, and served as Hitler’s hostess at a lot of state functions. Some historians called her the “First Lady of the Second Reich.”

52
Q

How did the Nazis view the culture of Weimar Germany?

A

As the cultural deterioration of German society.

53
Q

What were closed down in 1935?

A

Cabaret and jazz clubs

54
Q

What rights did the Nuremberg Laws deprive Jews and Roma gypsies of?

A

Their marital, political and legal rights. They were no longer considered German citizens.

55
Q

Who was Gertrud Schlotz-Klink

A

She was the leader of the Nationalist Socialist Women’s League.

56
Q

What did Schlotz-Klink speak out against?

A

The participation of women in politics. She condemned the female politicians of the Weimar era.

57
Q

What was Schlotz-Klink appointed to in July 1936?

A

Head of the Women’s Bureau in the German Labour Front, with the responsibility of persuading women to work for the benefit of the Nazi government.

58
Q

How did the Nazis control women’s appearances?

A

They were discouraged from wearing makeup, trousers, dyeing their hair and getting perms or shorter hairstyles. Women were expected to wear flat shoes, and were discouraged from slimming down as this was considered bad for child birth.

59
Q

Who was Leni Riefenstahl?

A

She was Nazi Germany’s most famous film maker, producing propaganda films for the Nazi regime (such as the “Triumph of the Will” in 1933). She was given the responsibility of filming the 1936 Olympic Games in Germany.

60
Q

What was the National Socialist Women’s League?

A

An elite group within the Nazi Party for women.

61
Q

What kind of courses did the National Socialist Women’s League run?

A

Educational courses to train women how to be mothers and housewives (alongside the German Women’s Enterprise_.

62
Q

How many women worked full-time fir the Nationalist Socialist Women’s League?

A

3500

63
Q

How many members did the Nationalist Socialist Women’s League have by 1938?

A

2 million

History - Nazi Germany (13 decks)

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