***Nazi education Flashcards
What was the aim for education in Nazi Germany?
A classless, equal state of education.
Between what ages was education compulsory?
6-14 years
What happened to the Länder and their control of education?
They lost control of education; control of education was centralised.
Who was Bernhard Rust?
He was the head of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science of the Reich. This position was made in May 1934.
What was introduced in 1935?
A series of central directive (orders) which controlled what was taught in schools across Germany.
What aspect of school remained in Nazi Germany?
The state school structure. Fee-paying secondary schools and universities also remained (these were only for “Pure Germans”).
What schools were abolished?
Private or mary schools and confessional schools.
What was primary school called?
Volksschule
What was introduced in March 1933?
Separate secondary school education for body and girls, to prepare for stereotyped roles.
When did Napolas open?
In April 1933 - 21 Napolas opened
What were Napolas?
Schools to train groups of boys (aged 12-18) for the SS. These were similar to military academies.
What schools were introduced in 1937?
Adolf Hitler Schools
What were Adolf Hitler Schools?
Schools for lower class students (aged 12-18) selected by the local German Young Folkf branch.
What were the Castles of Order?
3 elite boarding schools to train boys (aged 12-18) for entry into government service.
What League was established in April 1929?
The Nationalist Socialist Teachers League (NSLB)
How many teachers were members of the NSLB in 1935 and in 1937?
1935 = 25% of teachers
1937 = 95% of teachers as it was impossible to get a job if not a member.
What happened during the purge of teachers in April 1933?
“Undesirable” teachers were purged by law. 60% of teachers were purged and female head teachers were sacked.
What happened to the respect for the teaching profession?
It reduced during the Nazi era. In 1938 there were 8,000 teaching vacancies.
How was Führerprinzip introduced in schools and universities?
Teachers were not consulted on education policy and headteachers made all the decisions.
What were schools used to do?
To educate children to become “good Nazis,” indoctrinating children’s and to teach loyalty to Hitler.
What did a law passed in December 1936 require?
All children to be educated according to the philosophise of Nationalist Socialism from the age of 10.
How was the curriculum radicalised under the Nazis?
- Greater emphasis on physical fitness
- Raical purity
- History (creation of a Volksgemeinschaft)
- Health Biology (focused on race, eugenics and motherhood for girls)
- Religious studies was dropped
How did education emphasise stereotyped roles?
Girls were taught modern languages or home economics, while boys were taught science, modern languages or classics to prepare for university.
How was censorship and propaganda implemented in schools?
Textbooks were censored and were sources of propaganda. Schools were used a vehicles for communicating Nazi ideology. Racial corners were created in classrooms.
What was education like for Jewish children?
They were forced out of German schools to attend Jewish schools. However, these were abolished altogether in 1942.
What youth movement was set up?
The Hitler Youth - with separate groups for boys and girls. All other youth movements were abolished.
How many members did the Hitler youth have in 1936?
4 million
When did it become compulsory to join the Hitler Youth?
1939
When were Catholic youth groups banned?
1936
What were the separate age groups for the Hitler Yotuh?
Boys: The Pimpfen for 6-10, the Jungvolk for 10-14 and Hitler Youth from 14-18.
Girls: Jungmadel from 10-14 and Bund Deutschmark Madel from 14.
What were members of the Hitler Youth expected to do?
To report on anything their teachers of family did which went against Nazi values.
How did the types of students attending university change from the Weimar period?
It did not - the same number of working class students went to university in 1939 as in 1933.
What happened to the standards of education under the Nazis?
The standard of education declined under the anti-academic ethos of schools.
How willing were teachers to convert to Nazism?
Quite willing
What happened to the number of students completing academic education?
It was fewer than under the Weimar government.
What percentage of university students were female?
Only 10%
What percentage of young people in Germany were members of the Hitler Youth in 1939?
90%
When did the Hitler Youth become less popular?
When it became compulsory in 1939.
Which groups were less likely to join the Hitler Youth?
The working class / those in the South of Germany.
