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GERMANY > Women > Flashcards

Women Flashcards

1
Q

What was the German Civil code of 1900?

A

It said women couldn’t vote, couldn’t practice law or other professions, married women had no legal status. A women’s role was defined by the principle of Kinder Kirche Kuche—> NO LEGAL AUTONOMY

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2
Q

How did WW1 help women?

A

It led to more work- 75% of working women were in work in 1918

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3
Q

How many women had seats in the Reichstag 1919-32?

A

112 Women

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4
Q

What did Article 109 say?

A

In principle women had equal rights- marriage should be equal and women should be able to enter professions

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5
Q

Did the Reichstag support Women’s rights?

A

Some did, others were concerned about the falling birth rate, and high rate of divorce

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6
Q

Describe the amount of working women in 1925

A

Whilst the percentage of the workforce was similar to the second reich, the actual numbers of working women had increased by 1.7 million

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7
Q

What factors increased hostility to professional women in the WR?

A

The Great Depression and unemployment; meant professional women faced greater hostility from male colleagues

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8
Q

How many women were in White Blouse Jobs WR?

A

-by 1933, 36 women qualified as lawyers
-from 1925-33, female doctors doubled from 2500 to 5000

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9
Q

How was the ‘new women’ perceived?

A

many politicians and the media criticised the morality of the new women, evidenced by films such as ‘pandoras box’ which portrayed women as morally decadent and sexual temptresses

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10
Q

How did the domestic life of women change in the Weimar Republic?

A

-Single women abandoned traditional behaviours in response to the racy city culture that developed in the 1920’s
-World league of sexual reform campaigned for sexual freedom and ‘schools of love’

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11
Q

What traditional concept dictated the domestic lives of women in the WR? Who was this common amongst?

A

‘Kinder, Kuche, Kirche’ remained an idea common among r/w establishments such as the judiciary and the army, who maintained heavily traditionalist attitudes towards women and their domestic roles

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12
Q

How did article 109 affect employment of women?

A

In theory, women had been granted career choices

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13
Q

When were women granted the right to vote?

A

12 November 1918; women were granted the vote by the council of peoples representatives

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14
Q

What was the election turnout for the first election in the WR?

A

90% of women voted

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15
Q

How many female deputies in the Reichstag under Nazi Germany?

A

none

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16
Q

What happened to women in the civil service- Nazi?

A

from 1934 women in the civil service were dismissed

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17
Q

What could women no longer do from 1936?

A

Act as Judges, prosecutors and members of the jury

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18
Q

What was the Band of German Maidens?

A

The League of German Girls or the Band of German Maidens was the girls’ wing of the Nazi Party youth movement, the Hitler Youth. It was the only legal female youth organization in Nazi Germany.

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19
Q

What happened to women’s role in politics/ government in Nazi Germany?

A

Politics, government and any decision-making on how the country was run was seen as the responsibilities of men

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20
Q

Did some women retain roles in politics in Nazi Germany?

A

Very few had partial involvement in politics

Gertrud Scholtz-klink was the leader of the National Socialist Women’s League. YET she spoke against the participation of women in politics, condemning the female politicians of the era

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21
Q

Why was there a drastic increase in female unemployment?

A

The law to reduce unemployment (1933), precipitated the dismissal of women from top levels of the civil service

In 1936 women were further excluded from working in the law and judiciary, except from in administrative posts

22
Q

How did the war see a shift in Women’s role in work and employment?

A

The war put mass pressure on production and employment as more men were conscripted to the armed forces- This led to a shift in attitudes towards working women, with them being urged to join the war effort

23
Q

What were women allowed to join in 1940?

A

The Women auxiliary services carrying out clerical and support work to free men up to fight

By 1941 this was made compulsory for women between 18 and 40

24
Q

What can be said about the impact of the war on w/c women?

A

As the Nazi Party were forced to modify their policies towards women considering the demands of a war economy, many women specifically those in the w/c remained employed (not much change)

25
Q

How many women were employed by 1939?

A

1.5 million

26
Q

What happened to women’s domestic role upon the Nazis rise to power?

A

The importance of women’s role as a mother was elevated and the freedom of single women that existed in the WR were abolished

27
Q

How did Nazi’s emphasise the importance of mothers?

A

They claimed they were fundamentally important for the creation of a strong and ‘racially pure’ Volksgemeinschaft

28
Q

What notion were women expected to devote themselves to?

A

Kinder, kuche, Kirche

29
Q

When was the mothers cross introduced? What did it say?

A

1938
It glorified the role of motherhood, and celebrated those mothers with large amounts of children ( 8 for gold, 6 or more for silver, 4 or more for bronze)

30
Q

When were cabaret and Jazz clubs closed?

A

1935

31
Q

What was another benefit of having children in Nazi Germany?

A

Each child reduced a marriage loan of 1000 marks by 250 marks

32
Q

How many women were on the parliamentary council that drew up the basic law?

A

4- Elizabeth Selbert failed to acquire an unconditional gender equality clause

33
Q

Were women involved in politics in the FRG?

A

Extremely few

34
Q

What did article 3 under the basic law say?

A

it guaranteed “Equality under the law” for all citizens

35
Q

What legislation in the Basic law meant that women were discriminated against?

A

The 1950 provisional federal republic law included a clause on celibacy for female officials

36
Q

What was the reason to widespread opposition to abortion campaigns?

A

Strong catholic influence and KKK ideology

37
Q

What demonstrated opposition to abortion in the FRG?

A

1974 a law was passed which allowed abortion in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy

In 1975, following a huge public outcry, the law was deemed unconstitutional by the federal constitutional courts because it violated the rights of the foetus

38
Q

When was the German civil code revised? What did this do?

A

1958 and 1977
This gave women greater employment opportunities

39
Q

Was there opposition to the KKK notion in the FRG?

A

Yes- Women’s liberation movements were active in the 1960’s and 1970’s and sought to overturn society’s established role of a women as a wife and mother

40
Q

What was set up in West Berlin FRG?

A

1968- The Action Council for Women’s Liberation; the feminist organisation worked to set up day care centres for children

41
Q

What was absent in the FRG that remained a feature of other countries regarding protest?

A

Unlike other countries, there was not a focus on campaigning for equality in the workplace and laws against sexual discrimination

42
Q

What once again became society’s ideal after the WW2?

A

Traditional marriage

43
Q

What was created in 1953?

A

The ministry for family affairs provided wives and mothers with financial benefits

44
Q

Describe the role of married women in the later FRG
How many married women had a paid job?

A

By 1989, the role of married women was largely defined by family life, which granted motherhood a high status

Only 50% of married women with a child under 15 had a paid job and half of these were part time

45
Q

What happened in 1977?

A

Marriage and family law gave women equal rights and shared responsibility in marriage 1977

46
Q

What did A speak of the importance of in the FRG?

A

making jobs available for women and working conditions more equal BUT this didn’t happen

47
Q

Who did the FRG turn to rather than women to satisfy its economic labour requirements?

A

GW’s

48
Q

What did women help to do immediately after the war?

A

Worked to rebuild the German economy; clearing rubble, building and office work

49
Q

What did a survey in 1982 show?

A

50% of men and 54% of women believed a mans career was more important than his wife’s

50
Q

Why was 1958 significant for women’s employment?

A

The German civil code (1900) was revised. Before this date married women still needed their husbands permission to go to work

GERMANY (15 decks)

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