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GERMANY > Culture > Flashcards

Culture Flashcards

1
Q

Describe how new objectivity affected developments in theatre in the WR?

A

new objectivity developed into zeittheatre

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2
Q

Describe the work of Bertolt Brecht in WR theatre

A

-he used innovative techniques to introduce protest/politics into his work
-The three penny opera was a left wing critique of the capitalist world

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3
Q

Who led the Bauhaus movement? What was it?

A

Walter Gropius
-Bauhaus was an architectural movement that emphasised the close relationship between art and technology, epitomising modern art

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4
Q

Describe literature in the WR?

A

-Some traditional nostalgic literature pertained, such as the work of Hans Grimm
-Other literature explored political issues eg ‘All quiet on the Western front’ elucidated the horrors of the war

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5
Q

What were Weimar cultural developments influenced by?

A

International developments such as consumer culture, advertising as a communication method for the masses, and Jazz music

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6
Q

What was the purpose of culture in the WR?

A

-reflect the increasingly urban and industrial nature of society
-Promote democracy and freedom of expression

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7
Q

What famous artwork did George Grosz paint?

A

“The Pillars of Society” - a portrait that satirize’s the elite supporters of Fascism that dominated post-war Germany in 1926

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8
Q

What cultural developments symbolise the romanticism prevalent in the WR?

A

Film- the Golem, based on a jewish legend
Books- Ernst Junger’s storm of the steel and copse romanticised WW1

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9
Q

What was film heavily influenced by in the Weimar Republic?

A

The emergence of a modern mass culture

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10
Q

What evidence is there of film becoming the largest industry in Europe during the WR?

A

-2000 cinemas in 1919
-5000 cinemas in 1929

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11
Q

What was the UFA in the WR?

A

A state ran film company led by Alfred Hugenburg that produced artistically outstanding and popular films eg Metropolis 1926

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12
Q

How many Germans owned a radio in 1932?

A

1/4
it became a mass communication method

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13
Q

Describe attitudes towards cultural change in the WR

A

Most Germans were horrified by what they saw as a decline in established moral and cultural standards

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14
Q

What did the German criminal code of 184 allow during the WR?

A

the banning of obscene publications

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15
Q

Describe how the bill of rights influenced attitudes to culture in the WR?

A

The bill of rights allowed for freedom of expression, which underpinned movements such as cabaret, as well as allowing for criticisms of both cultural developments and the government.

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16
Q

What conservative intellectuals in the WR condemned cultural developments

A

Arthur Moeller and Oswald Spengler condemned the new democratic and industrial society of the Weimar Republic

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17
Q

Who controlled culture in Nazi Germany?

A

Reichskulturkammer(RKK / The reich chamber of culture created by Goebbels in 1933

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18
Q

which jewish composers were banned in Nazi Germany? Why?

A

Mahler and Mendelssohn
Culture served to strengthen Volksgemeinschaft and notions of racial superiority

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19
Q

What happened to Jazz in Nazi Germany?

A

New genres of Jazz and dance band were respectively labelled ‘Negroid’ and ‘Decadent’

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20
Q

How was culture censored in Nazi Germany?

A

-May 10 1933, with the help of the nazi student organisation, the Nazi’s organised the mass burning of about 25,000 books that were considered as ‘unsound’

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21
Q

What did Nazi propaganda stress about culture?

A

That the Nazi’s were the kulturtrager (culture bearers) of Europe, but that they had been led astray by the over-intellectual, Jewish-led, corrupt culture of WG

22
Q

What was the RKK supervised by?

A

The reich ministry of popular enlightenment and propaganda

23
Q

How was nazi cultural policy entrenched with anti-modernism?

A

-new functionalist artists like George Grosz and Otto Dix were censored
-Nazi’s resented modern style of Bauhaus

24
Q

What style of architecture did Hitler favour?

A

Neo-classicism
Hitler wanted buildings that symbolised greatness and heroism, such as the Reich chancellory and the 1936 Berlin olympic stadium

25
Q

Why was classic German culture promoted in Nazi Germany? How did music do this?

A

-To foster patriotism and the idea of the germanic spirit.
-The work of Bach and Beethoven was proudly exploited by the regime

26
Q

How many German writers fled Germany 1933-45?

A

2500

27
Q

who controlled film in Nazi Germany

A

many of the major film studios were in the hands of nationalist sympathisers- some of 100 films were overt propaganda

28
Q

How was culture used in the war years?

A

To bolster the war effort-
the production of the film Kolberg (1945) served to stiffen resistance to invading armies

29
Q

What film demonstrated Goebbels intent to use culture to win support for the regime?

A

The adventures of Baron Von munchausen (entertaining Disney like film)

30
Q

What was the culture experimentation of the Weimar Republic regarded as by the nazi’s?

A

Chaotic and subversive
Cabaret and Jazz clubs shut down in 1935

31
Q

How many people owned a ‘Peoples receiver’ in 1939?

A

70%

32
Q

What was ‘The eternal Jew’/Derwige Jude?

A

A tasteless film that presented jews like rats

33
Q

What jewish director was removed?

A

Fritz lang

34
Q

When was the degenerate art exhibition? What did it do?

A

1937
-those deemed degenerate were jewish slavic and French, the pieces were made to be mocked and destroyed

35
Q

What was the purpose of the Great German art exhibition in 1937?

A

to glorify themes of Volksgemeinschaft and celebrate traditional classic culture

36
Q

How was culture used to re-enforce the propaganda image of hitler?

A

By portraying him as the father of Germany eg documentaries such as triumph of the will

37
Q

Describe traditional attitudes towards culture in nazi Germany

A

-Traditional attitudes intensified, mirroring that of imperial Germany. For instance people believed women should be in domesticated roles

-anti-semitism and anti-modernism increased

38
Q

Was their opposition towards the Nazi’s cultural policies?

A

yes- widespread dissent pertained amongst young people, swing youth for instance listened to ‘decadent’ and banned music

39
Q

How did US culture influence cultural tensions in the FRG?

A

-The growing influence of US culture in the 1950’s and 1960’s was seen as undermining traditional German values.

-US influences were particularly pervasive, associated with affluence and exciting lifestyles

40
Q

What elements of US culture were adopted by the FRG?

A

-The adoption of blue jeans, chewing gum, rock n roll, and Coca Cola

-These cultural commodities were associated with a breakdown of deference to authority, and youth rebellion, as exemplified by the so called hooligans

41
Q

What were ‘hooligans’?

A

the term was applied by the media to youth gangs and anti-social and criminal behaviour

42
Q

How were cultural and class divisions weakened during the 1960’s and 1970’s?

A

-The expansion of consumerism and materialism provided Germans with common values
-Sport also helped to give west germans a greater sense of unity eg success of west German football team

43
Q

What did polls in 1968 show about young people in the FRG?

A

That the vast majority of young people were well integrated into society and tended to hold their parents conservative values

44
Q

Who was Gunter Grass? what did he write?

A
  • A former member of the Wafen SS
    -The Tin drum (1959); an astonishing feat of the imagination; based on nazi and immediate post war period as written by the inmate of a mental asylum
45
Q

Why did Heinrich Boll’s work produce controversy? Which book?

A

in 1963 the publication of ‘The clown’ was criticised in the west German press for its negative portrayal of the CDU and the Catholic Church

46
Q

How much did cinema attendance fall by in the FRG?

A

817.5 million visits in 1956
172.2 million by 1969

47
Q

What happened to cinema in the 1960’s?

A

A new cinema movement emerged, focused on reflecting new as opposed to old cinematic ideas.

Artistic excellence was pursued rather than commercial success

48
Q

What film did Fassbinder produce in the FRG’?

A

‘Fear eats the soul’-A film produced by Fassbinder showing a love affair between a 60 year old widow and a much younger migrant worker

49
Q

In what years did the West German football team win the Fifa World Cup?

A

1954 and 1974

50
Q

What were the aims of culture in the FRG?

A

-Wanted to regain image as leaders of European culture after the war
-Remove Nazi controls and reintroduce cultural experimentation
-Influenced by democratic principles

51
Q

What was ‘the inability to mourn’ ?

A

a document (1967) aimed to draw the attention of their parent’s generation to what had become a collective suppression of guilt regarding the nazi regime

GERMANY (15 decks)

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