Education Flashcards
What was the aim of education in the WR?
a common integrated education system (no religious education; greater social mobility; unified)
Who controlled education in the WR? what did this mean?
The Lander, thus there remained a diverse range of education and schools
was the aim for education in the WR achieved?
No- although the WG tried to implement a federal law to give regional guidelines in both 1921 and 1925, the Reichstag could not agree on it’s principles and the centre party fought for confessional schools
However- an inspection system meant that private and religious schools had to meet the same standards as state schools
What was the tripartite education system of the WR?
Hauptschule
Realschule
Gymnasium
Describe primary education in the WR
-compulsory primary Grandschule (aged 6-10)
-new law of 1920 created a single type of primary school; began to phase out religious schools
Describe secondary school education in the WR
most secondary education from the age of 10 had to be paid for yet this was affordable
How many faith based schools were there in 1931?
80% of schools were faith based
-29,000 protestant schools
-15,256 catholic schools
-97 Jewish schools
-8,291 non-confessional schools
-295 secular schools
What evidence is there that teaching was a right-wing profession in the Weimar Republic?
in 1933, 300 university professors signed an appeal to the German people to vote nazi
Why did teachers tend to support the Nazi party in the WR?
Teachers weren’t paid very well, particularly after 1929 and were attracted by the Nazi party who promised to make education the foundation of the new reich
What evidence is there of a right-wing student base in the WR?
-in 1931 there were anti-semitic riots in universities
-60% of students were members of the Nazi students league
How many working class students attended university in the WR?
2.3%
How did secondary education curriculum differ in the WR?
Hauptschule (5 years)- apprenticeships or trade
Realschule (6 years)- business or technical training
Gymnasium ( 9 years)- prepared for university
What evidence is there of radical education in the Weimar Republic?
4 Steiner schools opened 1919-1925: these schools served the interests of students and wanted to fulfil them has human. beings rather than servants of the state
What was the aim for education in Nazi Germany?
-a classless, equal state system of education ‘a total educational state’
- wanted to indoctrinate the youth with notions of racial supremacy and nazism
How was education centralised under the Nazi’s?
-lander lost control of education following the law for the reconstruction of the reich (1934)
-in May 1934 Bernard Rust was made head of the new ministry for education, culture and science
How was education altered in 1935?
a series of central directives controlled what was taught in schools all across Germany
how were the structure of schools affected under Nazi rule?
-State school structure remained; children attended the Volkschule
-Private primary school education was abolished
-Confessional schools abolished
-Fee paying secondary schools and universities remained only for pure germans
What occurred march 20,1933?
separate education for girls and boys to prepare them for their stereotyped roles
What were created on April 20,1933?
21 National political education institutions (NAPOLAS schools) to train boys for roles in the SS (12-18).
What were Adolf hitler schools? When were they created?
-created in 1937 (12 schools served to indoctrinate youth with notions of Nazism- 3 of the schools educated women)
-students were chosen via Strict observance by Hitler Youth leadership of a candidate’s social fitness through contests and their social adaptability during leisure time
What was Ordensburgen/ Castles of the order?
3 elite boarding schools to train boys for entry into government service (12-18 years old)
-schools developed for elite Nazi military echelons
What was the NSLB? How many teachers were in it?
-established in 1929- National socialist teachers league
-1935: 25% of teachers joined
-1937: 95% of teachers had joined as it was impossible to get a job without membership
What happened to undesirable teachers in 1933?
They were purged by law- 60% of teachers were purged on racial and political grounds, and female headteachers were sacked
How did attitudes towards teaching change under Nazi rule?
There was reduced respect for the profession- 1938, 8000 teaching vacancies
How did Fuhrerprinzip affect the role of teachers?
the policy was implemented in schools and universities. Teachers were not consulted on educational policy. Headteachers made all the decisions
What evidence is there of the radicalisation of the curriculum under Nazi rule?
-Greater emphasis on fitness (approx 15% of curriculum)
-racial purity was taught (Aryans were superior and Slavic races were inferior + Jews seen as source of Germanys problems)
-anti-intellectual health biology was taught (race eugenics)
How did the Nazi curriculum prepare boys and girls for there stereotyped roles?
-Girls taught modern languages/home economics
-Boys taught modern languages, sciences and classics
How was educational material censored under the Nazi regime?
Party censorship office examined all textbooks and the ministry of education commissioned new books (in biology diagrams showing different skull shapes of different races was commissioned)
What law was passed that affected the curriculum in 1936?
A law that stated all German youths were to be educated according to the philosophies of nationalist socialism from the age on 10
When were Jewish children forced out of German schools?
1942
How did Article 30 affect the structure of education in the FRG?
The Lander remained responsible for education which meant educational opportunity and the curriculum varied between regions
What was the aim for education in the FRG?
a democratic and decentralised system of education, where students were expunged of extremist notions
What was the 1955 Dusseldorf agreement?
it regulated and standardised education across the states to solve the problem of ‘the father moves, the son flunks’
What element of continuity did the structure of education experience between Weimar Germany and the FRG?
Tripartite system remained- most academic students attended the gymnasium
What element of continuity did the structure of education experience between Weimar Germany and the FRG?
Tripartite system remained- most academic students attended the gymnasium
What were the negative effects of the Landers control of education-FRG?
it meant it was harder to reform education as the federal government couldn’t always make the Lander adopt their proposals- it was hard to standardise despite the Dusseldorf agreement
How did Willy Brandt try to implement educational reform in the FRG?
-by establishing a federal ministry of education and science. But his reforms were limited due to the power of the states
-Although he wanted to introduce a federal framework to help disadvantaged children and reform the university structure he failed to get it passed in the bundesrat
What example is there of the Lander and Federal government disagreeing over educational structure in the FRG?
In the 1960’s and 1970’s there were discussions on making education fairer and introducing comprehensives but the lander and federal gov couldn’t agree
How many new universities were there in the FRG?
by 1975- 24
What did the federal education promotion act do?
-(1971) it provided a mixture of state funding and loans to encourage w/c students to attend university
- the number of students in unis increased from 200,000 in 1960 to 1.9 million in 1992
By 1947 how many former nazi teachers in Bavaria were back teaching in schools?
85%
What was the primary role of teachers in the FRG?
Initially there was a great emphasis on teachers to inculcate liberal values in students and expunge extremist ideas.
What’s a key feature of education in the French zone?
Teachers were sent over from France and French became compulsory for German children
What’s a key feature of education in the US zone?
they focused on teaching democratic values and a teacher exchange programme led to the increasing influence of US culture in the FRG
What was the curriculum like in the FRG?
it varied widely between lander
How was history taught?
it was agreed that a nazi propagandist view of history should bit be taught, yet due to its contentious nature it led to a dry factual teaching to be taught, with a focus on European not German history
what did the allies do in may 1946 to the curriculum?
ban Nazi school books, films and slides that taught racial theory
What happened to the university curriculum?
It was reformed due to it being seen as old fashioned with poor facilities
How did the federal education promotion act increase the number of students in university?
number of students in university increased fro 200,000 in 1960 to 1.9 million by 1992- YET only 38% were women
How many students in 1961 at the university of Frankfurt believed in the future of democracy?
only 1/3
