Wolsey Flashcards

1
Q

What was Wolsey’s background?

A
  • Butcher’s son - He was educated at Oxford University -Wolsey then entered the Church before his political career developed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What was Wolsey’s first major role?

A

A Royal almoner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When did Wolsey become Chief Minister?

A

1513 - just before the end of the first French war.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When did Wolsey become Lord Chancellor?

A

1515

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When was Wolsey made Cardinal of England by the Pope?

A

1516

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When was Wolsey made Papal Legate by the Pope?

A

1518

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What other church roles did Wolsey hold?

A

He appointed himself Bishop of Durham and Bishop of Winchester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What was the importance of Chief Minister?

A
  • In charge of government finances: taxes and spending - Day-to-day control of government: decision making and problem solving - Control of appointments to jobs in national, regional and local government
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What was the importance of Lord Chancellor?

A
  • In charge of England’s legal system: courts, laws, justice and punishments - In charge of the Court of Star Chamber - In charge of the Court of Chancery: could interfere with wills, inheritances and properties
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What was the Court of Star Chamber?

A

This Created by Henry VII with Sanction of parliament in 1487, and intended to end perversion of English justice by powerful nobles who used intimidation and bribery to win favourable verdicts in court cases. King Councillors sat as judges, more equitable & amenable to royal will.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the Court of Chancery?

A
  • The main court of law in England - Wolsey could oversee all cases in this court and he tried to use it to uphold ‘fair justice’ - It dealt with cases such as enclosure, contracts and things left in wills
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What was the main problem with the Court of Chancery?

A

It became overloaded with cases. This meant that many cases were not heard or had to be dismissed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What was the importance of the title of Cardinal?

A

Cardinal was a senior representative to the Pope in Rome. It put him in charge of taxation to the church, appointments to church jobs, and the church laws, courts and punishments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What was the importance of the title of Papal Legate?

A

Papal Legate allowed the bearer to be the Pope in their country, giving Wolsey powers simulacra to the Pope in England which he would later attempt to use to his advantage. It was a rare title.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What groups/who was opposed to Wolsey?

A
  • Parliament - the nobility - the Boleyn faction - Duke of Buckingham - Earl of Surrey
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why did parliament oppose Wolsey?

A
  • His ‘excessive’ taxation angered the gentry of England - the nation was financially unable to sustain the war. - Wolsey had passed measures that took away benefit to landowners - actions against engrossing and enclosure. - The case of Richard Hunne also angered representatives.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why did the Boleyn faction oppose Wolsey?

A
  • Religious differences - Wolsey was a Catholic and the Boleyn faction were staunch protestants. - Wolsey’s ideas conflicted with that of Boleyn’s (Abbess of Wilton) leading to a battle for influence.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why did the nobility dislike Wolsey?

A
  • He was a butcher’s son - “promoted beyond his station”. New men were generally despised by the nobility. - Wolsey’s power and influence were far greater than theirs, making him a career threat. - He passed measures which disadvantaged the nobility. Promoting new men, measures against engrossing, improving and encouraging the use of the court of star chamber, etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When was a conciliar form of government in place?

A

1509 - 1514

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What factors were important in ending the conciliar form of government?

A

1 - Henry wasn’t impressed by some of his Father’s senior councillors not supporting a war in France 2 - Henry became more attuned to governing, asserting his right to control decision-making 3 - Henry surrounded himself with like-minded people who all believed in the ‘old-guard’ 4 - He became particularly impressed by Wolsey and his effective management of the French campaign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Who were Henry VIII’s ‘minions’

A

A group of young courtiers who enjoyed Henry’s personal favour

22
Q

What was Wolsey’s method of dealing with ‘the minions’?

A
  • Eltham ordinances - Moved nobles who did not like him away as diplomats or war officials. - Took actions to weaken the influence of the nobility - Duke of Buckingham and Earl of Surrey.
23
Q

When were the Eltham Ordinances? What did they do?

A

January 1526, Wolsey wanted to reduce household expenditure and so reduced the number of Gentlemen in the Privy chamber - an area that he could not control

24
Q

What is the Groom of the Stool and what did Wolsey do to this role?

A

Groom of the Stool - the most intimate of the English Monarch’s courtiers ( a lot of confidence was placed in this role) Wolsey replaced Sir William Compton with a more compliant Henry Norris.

25
Q

Why did Wolsey remain in Henry’s favour?

A
  • By holding the posts of Cardinal/Papal Legate and Chief Minister, he was the means through which Henry could control the Church - His multiple power bases = could effectively and quickly carry out what Henry wanted with little opposition, and also meant he had more opportunities, means and methods to act flexibly - It was in the interest of both Wolsey’s masters that they support his power bases as long as their interests, aims and policies remained aligned.
26
Q

In what ways were Henry and the Pope aligned?

A

Through the defeat of heresy (especially Protestantism) and pro-Spanish, anti-French alliance

27
Q

What were Wolsey’s methods in dealing with over powerful nobles? (4)

A
  • Duke of Buckingham - Ordered him to London where he was arrested for treason and later executed. - Earl of Surrey - Forced onto the jury presiding over Buckingham’s case, was forced to sign his friend’s death warrant. - Minions - Eltham Ordinances moved them out of the ear of the king (privy chamber) and were replaced by pro-Wolsey nobles or not at all. - Some of the nobility were sent away as ambassadors to foreign courts or put in charge of elements of the military in times of war.
28
Q

Why could Wolsey not overcome the Boleyn faction?

A

Henry was “in love” with Boleyn. This infatuation and her manipulative denial to become Henry’s mistress put Henry into her control, Wolsey being rather unable to do the same.

29
Q

Who was the Earl of Surrey?

A

Nobleman with wealth, lands and power. Was the nobilities favourite replacement for Wolsey - was respected and intellectual. Was forced to sign his friend’s (the Duke of Buckingham) death warrant.

30
Q

What were Wolsey’s legal reforms?

A
  • Court of Star Chamber encouraged to use. The poor were given a voice to prosecute powerful nobles. This ensured an increased case-load from 12 cases a year to over 120. The result was the establishment of overflow courts.
31
Q

What did Wolsey do to the tax system?

A

Reformed it so it was now based on personal income known as the parliamentary subsidy. Before it was a fixed rate which didn’t account for inflation.

32
Q

What were Wolsey’s religious reforms?

A
  • Wolsey reformed religious houses, closing those with fewer than 6 monks. - He reinstated benefit of the clergy where you only had to recite a psalm to prove you were a member of the church. This allowed you to be tried by church courts which were more lenient. - Wolsey actively moved against the protestant faction, encouraging book burning and the isolation of sympathisers. Executions were, however, not commonplace.
33
Q

What were Wolsey’s reforms to government (vaguely proposed or completed)?

A
  • Henry was in agreement with Wolsey to reform the state of government away from privy chamber amongst other measures. He did only change the privy chamber through the Eltham Ordinances.
34
Q

Who was Richard Hunne?

A

A London merchant who, when he registered his dead baby son for burial, was asked by the priest to pay for it not in money but by giving the insistent priest his baby’s christening robes, which Hunne refused - causing the priest to sue Hunne in a church court. Hunne counter-sued, accusing the priest of Praemunire. Hunne was also caught sheltering a heretic and then was found dead in his cell (murdered)

35
Q

What is praemunire?

A

Allegiance to someone other than your king - in Wolsey’s case it was serving the Pope instead of the King.

36
Q

What was Wolsey’s involvement in the second French war?

A

Military treaties and peace settlements.

37
Q

How successful was Wolsey at raising tax for the second French war?

A

Unsuccessful. Initially he managed to raise a parliamentary subsidy of £230000 but upon request for a further £800000 he was rejected, leading to the amicable grant.

38
Q

What was the Amicable Grant?

A

Wolsey trying to avoid using parliament to collect a tax. It was an incredibly unpopular answer that sparked a revolt.

39
Q

How did Wolsey fail Henry in the second French war?

A

Failed to provide land or any spoils of war. He could not raise the money to invade France in its time of weakness and so no empire was gained. Henry’s partition plan was also rejected.

40
Q

What was the result of the second French war?

A

Spain conquered northern Italy and gained extortionate amounts of money from the French monarchy. England gained nothing.

41
Q

Why did Wolsey have to seek an annulment?

A

Overly powerful within the Catholic Church- ruined future career prospects to annul the marriage himself or convert to protestantism

42
Q

What was Wolsey’s domestic failure to bring about an annulment of Henry’s marriage?

A

All proper proceedings were met but Cardinal Compaggio had been ordered by pope Leo X not to grant the annulment. He also refused to use his status as Papal Legate to pass the annulment.

43
Q

Why wouldn’t the pope grant the annulment?

A

Under the control of Charles V who was the nephew of Catherine of Aragon - an insult to his family.

44
Q

What was the treaty of Westminster?

A

An agreement between England and France whereby England financially supported France to invade Charles V in Northern Italy to free the pope.

45
Q

What was Wolsey’s foreign policy failure to achieve the annulment?

A

When the treaty of Westminster and the ensuing war did not end with the pope free from Charles V, meaning that an annulment would still not be granted.

46
Q

What battle ended the French attempt to free Italy from Charles V?

A

Landriano 1529

47
Q

What were Wolsey’s domestic successes?

A

Legal and Church reforms. Reforms to enclosure and engrossing.

48
Q

What were Wolsey’s domestic failures?

A

Collection of tax to finance wars.

49
Q

What caused Wolsey’s downfall in 1529? (possible factors)

A

Failure in domestic and foreign policy Failure to please and serve the king. Failure to crush the Boleyn faction which grew too powerful.

50
Q

What is pluralism?

A

Holding more than one paid title within the Catholic Church.

51
Q

What is absenteeism?

A

Holding a paid office but not attending and fulfilling the associated duties.