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Tudors - Henry VIII > Henry VIII - Foreign Policy > Flashcards

Henry VIII - Foreign Policy Flashcards

1
Q

What were Henry’s aims in foreign policy?

A

1 - Honour and glory 2 - To be internationally recognised as a warrior king 3 - To secure the Tudor dynasty 4 - Financial gains and security

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2
Q

What was Henry’s first action for foreign policy?

A

In 1510, he extended the Treaty of Etaples. However this was under the guidance of his councillors, it was clear that Henry had different ideas about foreign policy, and wanted a more aggressive approach

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3
Q

When was the first French War, and why did Henry join this?

A
  • 1512-1514 - Henry had an ancient claim, as King of England, to the French throne
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4
Q

What happened in the first phase of the first French War?

A
  • Henry acted under the guidance of his Father in Law, Ferdinand of Spain - He sent an expedition led by Marquis of Dorset to help the Spanish - This fleet was easily defeated, and one of Henry’s closest friends (Admiral Edward Howard) was killed in a naval engagement
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5
Q

What evidence is there that the first phase of the first French war was a failure?

A
  • His fleet achieved nothing - He was used as a distraction whilst Ferdinand successfully conquered Navarre
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6
Q

What happened in the second phase of the first French War?

A
  • Was led by Thomas Wolsey - The king led 30,000 men from Dover to Calais, in an alliance with the HRE - The army advanced to Flanders and captured the fortress of Therouanne - Soon after this, the English successfully captured the French city of Tournai
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7
Q

What was the ‘Battle of the Spurs’?

A
  • After the English captured Therouanne, the French sent a cavalry force to try and capture it back. - This was easily defeated by the English
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8
Q

Was the ‘Battle of the Spurs’ a significant victory?

A
  • Although it did give Henry some military glory, this battle is widely recognised as little more than a skirmish - Propaganda claimed it to be a stunning victory - Geoffrey Elton claims it as ‘nothing more than a futile side show’
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9
Q

What evidence is there that the second phase of the First French war was a success?

A
  • Henry achieved military glory, one of his aims - Henry showed his strength as a warrior king by claiming victory over Tournai and Therouanne
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10
Q

What evidence is there to suggest that the second phase of the FIrst French was was a failure?

A
  • Therouanne was a more significant victory for Maximilian than the English, and it can be suggested that it benefited Maximilian more.
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11
Q

What happened after the King left the first French war?

A
  • The war continued, but proved costly, so there was pressure for peace. - Maximilian and Ferdinand settled their differences with the King of France
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12
Q

What did Henry gain in the peace treaty signed after the first French war?

A
  • England kept Tournai - France increased pension - Mary would marry Louis of France - Henry promised not to use the title ‘King of France’
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13
Q

What was the Battle of Flodden?

A
  • September 1513 - King James IV of Scotland crossed the boarder with a considerable force, but was put down by a small army led by the Earl of Surrey and Catherine of Aragon. - James IV was killed, along with a significant number of the Scottish nobility. This left the infant James V on the throne - Henry VIII did little to build on the advantage of Flodden
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14
Q

Why was nothing gained from Henry’s military adventures of 1513?

A
  • The war was costly, causing Henry to liquidate his father’s inheritance - There was problems of the taxation in Yorkshire, which narrowly avoided a full-scale revolt - The renegotiated French pension was lost - Tournai was sold back to the French for much less than the siege cost Henry.
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15
Q

What three points can be made about the basis of foreign policy between 1514-1526?

A

1 - England remained a minor power and could not compete with the powers of France and Spain 2 - Henry overestimated English power 3 - The ‘Auld Alliance’ between France and Scotland remained strong

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16
Q

What were the two major concequences of Henry’s lack of money in foreign policy?

A

1 - He was unable to exploit the weakness of Scotland following the Battle of Flodden 2 - He sought peace with France with a marriage settlement, but this was short-lived.

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17
Q

Who was Francis I and how did Henry VIII see him?

A
  • King Louis XII died soon after the marriage to Mary, and Francis I took the French throne - Henry saw him as a direct threat, as he was a young and charismatic king similar to Henry himself
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18
Q

Who was Charles V and who did they form an alliance with?

A
  • Ferdinand died in 1516, leaving his grandson Charles V on the throne. - Charles V became the HRE in 1519, and formed and alliance with the French in the Treaty of Cambrai
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19
Q

How did Francis I confirm his power as a ruler?

A
  • In September 1515, Francis won a sweeping victory over the reputedly invincible Swiss at the battle of Marignano. - He forced a treaty with the Pope, took control of Milan and forced Queen Margaret to flee from Scotland
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20
Q

What was the Treaty of London (1518)

A
  • A treaty of ‘perpetual peace’ led by Wolsey that ended England’s isolation by signing an agreement of peace with over 20 European powers - It was seen as a diplomatic, political and moral triumph - European rulers such as Francis I, Maximillian and Charles V signed
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21
Q

Why was the treaty of London significant/successful?

A
  • It avoided costly warfare - Wolsey led a treaty of ‘collective security’, which had never been attempted previously - Made Henry’s position more prestigious, which was an aim in his Foreign Policy
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22
Q

Why was the Treaty of London a failure?

A
  • The Treaty did not last, with the Hapsburg-Valois war breaking out in 1521 - England was still controlled by the more powerful nations of Europe
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23
Q

What was the Field of the Cloth of Gold?

A
  • in 1520, Francis I and Henry VIII met up for two weeks in an event of power and prestige - The meeting ended on the 25th of June, with little achieved - The event lost some value in Henry’s eyes, as he lost a wrestling match with Francis - The event cost roughly £15,000
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24
Q

What did the Field of the Cloth of Gold achieve?

A
  • Very little in terms of foreign policy - It was, however, a glorious opportunity of recognition for Henry - A treaty was signed with Charles V a few weeks later (Francis I enemy)
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25
Q

What was the Calais Conference?

A

An attempt to prevent war between France and Spain over Milan.

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26
Q

What was the Treaty of Bruges?

A
  • This was a treaty that Wolsey organised between Henry and Charles V - Henry met with Charles to form an alliance
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27
Q

Why did Henry choose to ally with Charles V?

A
  • He could improve his relations with the Pope - He beleived that he could gain more territory in France - Part of the deal was a marriage alliance of Mary, Henry’s youngest daughter and Charles.
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28
Q

Why and when did the Second French war begin?

A
  • Francis I declared war on Charles V in April 1521, by invading Calais
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29
Q

What did Wolsey do to try and bring peace?

A
  • He held a peace conference that the empire and France attended
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30
Q

What did Wolsey do in secret with the Second French war?

A
  • Henry wanted to join the conflict, so Wolsey knew he had to pick a side - Wolsey double-dealed, meeting Charles at Bruges when out for the Calais Conference. - They agreed to declare war on France if no peace plans were made by Francis I
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31
Q

What was this secret meeting known as?

A
  • Treaty of Bruges - It would happen after France paid the next installation of the French Pension
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32
Q

What war was Charles more invested in instead of the Second French War?

A
  • He was more invested in the conflict in Northern Italy, as he had just recovered Milan. - English troops were sent to Picardy, but a number of the emperor’s troops lacked
33
Q

How did English fortunes increase in the war in 1523?

A

The Duke of Bourbon, a powerful English nobleman, raised his army against Francis. Plans were quickly drawn up to have a three sided attack on Paris by the Dukes of Suffolk, Bourbon and imperial forces from the Netherlands.

34
Q

What caused Henry to lose interest in the War vs France (1523)?

A
  • Many abandoned their forces in Paris, causing Henry to lose interest and Wolsey to go back to negotiating peace.
35
Q

Why did Henry and Wolsey look to secure an alliance with France in 1525?

A
  • the treaty with Charles was not giving Henry as much as he hoped for, so Wolsey looked to form an alliance with France
36
Q

What was the Battle of Pavia?

A
  • A crucial moment in the conflict between Francis and Charles, in which Francis was captured and held captive
37
Q

What did Henry suggest to Charles after the battle of Pavia?

A

He suggested a joint invasion upon France to achieve territorial gains, but Charles disagreed.

38
Q

What did Charles’ disagreement mean for Henry?

A
  • His ego was bruised and he had to back down - His resentment towards the emperor was reinforced when Charles rejected the marriage contract - Wolsey’s domestic prestige never really recovered from this
39
Q

Why did the alliance with Charles V fail?

A
  • Charles V opposed the annulment between Catherine and Henry - Francis had been heavily defeated by the imperial army, making Charles stronger and in less need of an ally - Charles V rejected Henry’s proposal for an attack on France to capitalise on Pavia - Charles cancelled his marriage that he agreed in the Treaty of Bruges
40
Q

What was the Treaty of the More?

A

It was a Treaty signed in August 1525 with France.

41
Q

What confirmed the shift in diplomacy towards the French after the Treaty of the More?

A
  • The Anti-Hapsburg League (League of Cognac) - England gave financial aid to this
42
Q

When did Wolsey become more committed to the Anti-Hapsburg League?

A
  • After the Sack of Rome
43
Q

What was the Sack of Rome?

A

A war in which the Pope was taken prisoner, against the League of Cognac.

44
Q

What was the Treaty of Westminster?

A
  • An agreement between England and France whereby England financially supported France to invade Charles V in Northern Italy to free the pope. - There was also a marriage agreement between Mary and Francis
45
Q

What was the Treaty of Amiens?

A
  • An Anglo-French agreement to attack Charles V
46
Q

What did Henry do in 1528 to attack Charles V? Why did this make some people unhappy?

A
  • Placed a trade embargo on Burgandy (just like his Father had done) - Charles V kept some English merchants hostage in Burgundy - This also caused economic difficulty after a poor harvest in England, and was not long after the amicable grant which cause Henry a lot of trouble.
47
Q

What was the ‘Ladies Peace’, and what did this cause for Henry?

A
  • 1529, also known as the Treaty of Cambrai - Negotiated by Margaret of Austria and Louise of Savoy, and was a settle to the conflict between the Pope and the HRE - This settlement did not involve Henry, leaving him diplomatically isolated.
48
Q

What control did the English have in Ireland?

A
  • Pale district - Land surrounding Dublin
49
Q

Who was the dominant Irish nobleman at this time? What role did he have?

A
  • Gerald Fitzgerald, ninth Earl of Kildare - He was both an English courtier and a servant servant of the crown, but also the most powerful of the Gaelic chiefs
50
Q

What caused the relationship between the King and Fitzgerald to break down?

A

The revival of the Geraldine-Butler feud and the break from Rome

51
Q

When was Kildare dismissed and what problems did this cause?

A
  • 1534, leading to a major rebellion led by his son, Thomas Fitzgerald. - This was supressed with difficulty and great expense
52
Q

What steps were taken after Kildare’s dismissal?

A
  • There was an attempt to refashion Irish government, but this failed utterly - It required royal government through an English-born deputy, supported by a substantial military presence.
53
Q

What made the situation in Ireland worse?

A
  • The resentment amongst the Gaelic lords - Two nobles, Con O’Neill and Manus O’Donnell invaded the Pale in 1539 - The government eventually regained control, by establishing Ireland as a separate Kingdom, with English laws but Gaelic lordship. - The government did not have enough resources to carry through with these reforms, and the situation got more complex when there was a difference in opinion upon the religious reforms
54
Q

What can be said about the final years of Henry VIII’s foreign policy?

A
  • The 1530s saw Henry attempt to minimise the response of foreign powers to the Break with Rome - However, in the 1540s, Henry turned to a more aggressive foreign policy, similar to that seen in the early years of his reign
55
Q

What was the battle of Haddon-Rig?

A
  • After James V refused to attend religious talks with Henry VIII, England sent a small army into the Scottish Borders. - This army was defeated on 24th August 1542, by George Gordon, Earl of Huntly.
56
Q

What was the battle of Solway Moss?

A
  • Tensions were growing with Henry appointing himself Head of the Church of England - Henry asked to meet James V of Scotland, recently made king after Queen Margaret’s death - England invaded Scotland in 1542, forcing the to demands they could not possibly have met - This led to the Battle of Solway Moss, a heavy defeat for the Scottish
57
Q

What happened shortly after the Battle of Solway Moss?

A
  • James V died of fever - This left his one-week-old daughter Mary (Queen of Scots) on the throne
58
Q

What position did the Battle of Solway Moss leave Henry in?

A
  • Henry was in a great position to exploit the Scots weakness, however it has been argued that he did not take full advantage of this. - Henry’s main interest at this time was an invasion of France - This led Henry, instead of invading, to create parliamentary pressure as a means of securing his Scottish objectives
59
Q

What was the ‘rough wooing’?

A
  • A policy in which Henry VIII aimed to secure a marriage alliance between his son, Edward VI and Mary Queen of Scots - He also wanted to get rid of the ‘Auld Alliance’ that formed between Scotland and France - After the Scottish Parliament refused to ratify the Treaty of Greenwich, Henry sent forces to attack Edinburgh, Leith and St Andrews, burning down many buildings.
60
Q

On what counts can Henry be criticised on his Scottish Foreign Policy?

A

1 - He neglected the opportunity to secure his policy by military force when he had the opportunity in 1542 2 - He failed to heed Sadler’s warnings about Scottish hostility to his intentions 3 - His ordering of Hertford into Scotland was simply a matter of retaliation. This gave no though to possible strategic objectives and simply served to antagonise the Scots further.

61
Q

What was Henry’s main concern in foreign policy in 1544 and what evidence is there to support this?

A
  • To facilitate a French invasion and gain military glory in France - The size of his army in 1544 reflects this - He set off to attack the French himself, despite his ill health
62
Q

Who did Henry form an alliance in to facilitate the French invasion in 1544?

A

The emperor

63
Q

What did Henry realise about the attack on France in the 3rd French war? What did he do instead?

A
  • He had committed, with the imperial alliance to Paris, but this he soon realised that this would be futile. - The English Army instead confined itself to the vicinity of Calais
64
Q

What did the English Army lose and gain in the third French War?

A
  • Unsuccessfully besieged Montreuil - Captured Boulogne under the supervision of Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk
65
Q

What happened on the day the Henry besieged Boulogne?

A
  • Charles V and Francis I made a peace treaty at Crepy. - One of the agreements was that Francis’ youngest son would marry Charles younger daughter Maria.
66
Q

What happened after the fall of Boulogne?

A
  • The French managed to take land in the Isle of Wight and Sussex, but neither had the stregth or finances to engage in all-out-war - In 1546, Henry and Francis made a weary peace, in which Henry was promised a pension until 1551.
67
Q

What was the Treaty of Ardres?

A
  • 1546 - Agreed that if the French paid all of the outstanding French Pensions, Boulogne would be returned - Henry knew that this was unlikely
68
Q

What evidence is there to suggest that Henry was successful in pursuing an active foreign policy against the French?

A
  • 1513 - Battle of the Spurs lead to the capture of Therouanne and Tournai. - Agreed the first French Pension - 1544 - Boulogne captured and kept under the Treaty of Ardres (1546). - Another French pension was secured
69
Q

What evidence is there to suggest that Henry was unsuccessful in pursuing an active foreign policy against the French?

A
  • 1512 - embarrassment in his first expedition to France - Tournai sold back to French for less that it cost - Lost first French pension - 1522-23 - costly failed campaigns in France, caused unrest at home through Amicable Grant taxation - 1544 - hugely expensive war at the cost of £2 million, with little achieved to show for it. - 1545 - French landed counter invasion in Isle of Wight and sent forces to support the Scots in a ventual peace treaty
70
Q

What evidence is there to suggest that Henry was successful in his aim to gain honour and glory?

A
  • 1520 - Francis I was respected at the Field of the Cloth of Gold - Charles V - treaty of Bruges
71
Q

What evidence is there to suggest that Henry VIII was unsuccessful in his aim to gain honour and glory?

A
  • Field of the Cloth of Gold achieved little - Charles V - Henry undid the success of the the Treaty of Bruges by crassly trying to used Charles’ success at Pavia (1525) as a springboard to take Northern France - This led to the marriage alliance with Princess Mary being broke off. - Never really gained success against Charles or Francis
72
Q

What evidence is there that Henry was successful in his aim to protect the security of England’s boarders

A
  • 1513 Battle of Flodden - 1542 Battle of Solway Moss - 1536 - Irish rebellion crushed and the country brought to heel in the 1540s
73
Q

What evidence is there to suggest that Henry VIII was unsuccessful in his aim to protect the security of England’s borders?

A
  • ‘Rough Wooing’ - led to the powerful Earl of Arran withdrew his support and lost the chance to unite the kingdom, instead enraging Scots and strengthening the Auld Alliance
74
Q

What evidence is there to suggest that Henry VIII was successful in his aim to maintain good trade links with the Netherlands?

A
  • They remained on largely strong terms throughout Henry’s reign, much as it had been during the reign of Henry VII
75
Q

What evidence is there to suggest that Henry VIII was unsuccessful in his aim to maintain good trade links with the Netherlands?

A
  • England’s offer to support France in a war against Charles V in 1528 led to a trade embargo, which included all trade with the Netherlands - This led to unrest and near rebellion in Southern England
76
Q

What evidence is there to suggest that Henry VIII was successful in his aim to be a European Peacemaker

A
  • 1518 - Treaty of London, established general European peace
77
Q

What evidence is there to suggest that Henry VIII was unsuccessful in his aims to be a European peacemaker?

A
  • After 1533 - isolated in Europe after Break with Rome, was in no position to act as a peacemaker - 1539 - Pope attempting to organise a crusade against Henry
78
Q

What evidence is there to suggest that Henry was successful in his aims to secure the Tudor dynasty?

A
  • Marriage to Catherine of Aragon in 1509 produced a female heir in Mary - Marriage to Anne Boleyn produced a female heir in Elizabeth - Marriage to Jayne Seymour produced Edward VI - male heir
79
Q

What evidence is there to suggest that Henry VIII was unsuccessful in his aim to secure the Tudor dynasty?

A
  • Marriage to Catherine of Aragon failed to produce a male heir. Mary was made illegitimate with Succession Act - 1540 - marriage with Anne of Cleves - divorce within months - no new heir and foreign alliance undone - His eventual heir, Edward VI, did not come from a foreign marriage - 1543 - Edward’s arranged marraige to Mary Queen of Scots was not ratified by the Scottish Parliament and the unification of the two kingdoms fails.

Tudors - Henry VIII (7 decks)

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