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eBMS1052 > Wk8-9 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

Wk8-9 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of hypothalamus

A

metabolism

Mediation of stress

reproductive behaviour and growth

body temperature

ANS + endocrine function

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2
Q

2 important regions of hypothalamus

A

Paraventricular nucleus

Median eminence

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3
Q

Paraventricular nucleus

A

2 parts

lateral = magnocellular neurons

medial = parvocellular neurons

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4
Q

Median eminence

A

contains blood vessels that are striated

This is part of the BBB still allowing movement of hormones

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5
Q

2 main parts of pituitary gland

A

Anterior pituitary

Posterior pituitary

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6
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

master gland controlling other glands including, thyroid, adrenal and mammory glands.

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7
Q

Anterior pituitary pathway

A

Parvocellular neurosecretory cells produce neuro-hormones (releasing factors)

released into the vicinity of portal vessels in the median eminence cells,

transported to anterior pituitary

cause the release of hormones from specialised secretory cells

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8
Q

Paraventricular nucleus neuro-hormones

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), pre optic area

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), magnocellular (for body), parvocellular (for brain)

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), parvocellular

Growth Hormone, Releasing Hormone (GHRH), parvocellular

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9
Q

Posterior pituitary pathway

A

vasopressin (also called anti diuretic hormone)

oxytocin release (magnocellular).

These are not released in portal system, they are neurotransmitters in brain.

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10
Q

Stress hormones is …. pituitary gland function

A

anterior

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11
Q

Stress hormone pathway

A

stress detected by brain

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) released from nerves in PVN.

Transported to anterior pituitary by portal system

Acts on corticotrophs (type of cell) causing release adrenocorticotropic hormone

Acts on cortex of adrenal gland causing cortisol release into blood

Mobilises energy stores and suppresses immune system

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12
Q

Sex hormones are controlled by

A

hypothalamus and pituitary

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13
Q

Sex hormone pathway

A

Psychological and sensory influences detected by brain

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) released from preoptic area of hypothalamus (not PVN).

Transported to anterior pituitary by portal system

Acts on gonadotrophs causing them to release folic stimulating hormone (FSH) + lutenising hormone (LH)

Acts on ovaries and testes

In females, causes estrogen release (cyclic release of hormones for menstrual cycle)

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14
Q

Vasopressin

A

Magnocellular neurons direct straight to the posterior pituitary gland, no portal systems in median eminence needed.

End in conjunction with fenestrated vessels, dumping their contents into them and therefore causing vasopressin release.

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15
Q

How is vasopressin release stimulated

A

by dehydration, changes in tonicity, detected by osmoreceptors in the forebrain and info sent to magnocellular neurons.

Hemorrhage (blood loss), detected by blood/ cardiac volume receptors in forebrain or recepotrs in kidney which release angiotensin.

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16
Q

Oxytocin

A

Stimulated by suckling of newborn babies, crying from mothers own or even unrelated babies.

oxytocin magnocellular neurons activated.

posterior pituitary release oxytocin

affects breasts releasing milk

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17
Q

leptin

A

Ob gene (obesity gene) product

circulates in the bloodstream in proportion to fat mass.

inhibits promoting neurons and excites inhibiting neurons.

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18
Q

2 types of neurons contained in arcuate nucleus

A

orexigenic

anorexigenic

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19
Q

orexigenic neurons

A

PROMOTE FEEDING

NeuropeptideY (NPY)

Agouti Related Peptide (AgRP)

axonal projections in paraventricular nucleus through dedicated NPY receptors

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20
Q

anorexigenic neurons

A

INHIBIT FEEDING

Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)

Cocaine Amphetamine Regulated Transcript (CART)

Active ingredient acts to inhibit effects of feeding in the paraventricular nucleus

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21
Q

Starvation response

A

Orexigenic neurons activated

Inhibited secretion of hypophysiotropic hormones in the paraventricular nucleus

promote energy expenditure (metabolism to lose weight gained by now eating)

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22
Q

Full response

A

Anorexigenic neurons activated

Promoted secretion of hypophysiotropic hormones in the paraventricular nucleus

inhibition energy expenditure (metabolism to halt losing energy as have stopped eating)

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23
Q

Short term food regulation

A

Ghrelin hunger hormone builds up in the brain before and reduced after a meal.

After a meal, satiety hormones increase to say you are not hungry anymore.

Gastric distension of stomach activates stretch receptors = Helps to say we are full.

24
Q

Liking pathways

A

objective affective reaction that is mediated for taste in the brain by mu opoids at nucleus accumbens

25
Q

Wanting pathways

A

an objective motivational process that is often termed “incentive salience”

mediated by dopamine

26
Q

What is the function the the ANS

A

looks after the body as a whole, allowing the individual to survive and reproduce.

27
Q

ANS in the spinal cord

A

coming out of the side and middle of the spinal cord (lateral, middle).

Sensory information comes in the dorsal root.

28
Q

The ANS nerves function

A

uses nerves to enhance or suppress activity.

para and sympa are functionally opposing and will not work at the same time

29
Q

Neurotransmitter pathway

A

Transmitter precursor taken up into nerve terminal

metabolising enzymes form neurotransmitter.

stored in vesicles so it doesn’t break down (Nitric oxide not stored as it is labile).

Exocytotic Vesicle release contents occurs due to AP.

Visceral efferent in the ANS spray neurotransmitter around in the effector tissue

These receptors are all metabotropic, which are sensitive to low doses all over the place. set up large numbers of second messengers within their cell.

30
Q

Describe an ANS junction

A

Not a synapse, a junction

varicosities contain vesicles along axons

31
Q

Every nerve that has it’s cell body in the CNS and comes out to become part of the ANS…

A

uses acetylcholine as its main neurotransmitter

Includes pre-ganglionic nerves

includes para postganglionic nerves

32
Q

What is a NANC system

A

main transmitter neither ACh or NA.

non adrenergic non cholinergic

33
Q

Sympathetic ANS

A

flight/fight response

brain (pre, myelinated) and spinal nerve (post, unmyelinated)
communicate in ganglion.

34
Q

NORADRENILINE

A

SYMPATHETIC

Synthesised in vesicles

acts on alpha and beta adrenoceptors

35
Q

ADRENOCEPTORS

A

Alpha:
noradrenaline potent excitatory/contraction
sit under nerve, most likely affected

Beta:
isoprenaline potent
inhibitory (except heart excitation)
away from nerves

36
Q

ATP acts as a

A

co transmitter. It is released along with NA

37
Q

Parasympathetic ANS

A

rest/digest response

preganglionic straight from brain, long neurons.

ganglion on edge of organ

pelvic organs at bottom of back nerves from end of spinal cord

38
Q

ACETYLCHOLINE

A

PARASYMPATHETIC

synthesised in cytoplasm of a varicosity, transported to vesicles.

acts on muscarinic receptors

ACh removed by acetylcholinesterase, choline taken back up

39
Q

Nicotinic receptors

A

acted on by ACh

terminals of preganglionic nerves coming from CNS of parasympathetic

40
Q

NITRIC OXIDE

A

PARASYMPATHETIC

synthesised on demand, not stored in vesicles

increase in cytoplasmic calcium required

inhibits smooth muscle contraction

41
Q

Outline the adrenal medulla

A

inner part of an adrenal gland,

hormones initiate the flight or fight response, adrenaline and noradrenaline.

42
Q

Energy homeostasis

A
  • ANS controls glucose conversion to glycogen in the liver and muscle.

isn’t working = diabetes

Leptin and Insulin from food intake = brain not hungry anymore

43
Q

Brown and white fat

A

ANS controls interchange between white and brown fat by glitazones

44
Q

Human sexual response: males

A

Penile artery:
Nitric oxide = vasodilator

Noradernaline = vasoconstrictor

Vas Deferens/Ejaculation :
ATP = 1st fast contraction

Noradrenaline = 2nd slow contraction

Erection: parasympathetic nervous system supplies arteries, it does not usually supply arteries. enzyme digests = stop erection

45
Q

How does viagra work

A

Viagra inhibits enzyme breakdown so that cGMP lasts a bit longer and the erection remains.

Viagra cannot work if the nerves are totally severed no neurotransmitter is even produced for Viagra to inhibit.

46
Q

Sexual response: Females

A

Vaginal secretion: CGRP – vasodilator (sensory)

47
Q

Where do drugs NOT affect neurotransmission

A

Ion exchange pumps

48
Q

ACh inhibition

A

Botox inhibits ACh, injected into specific muscles

Antichonilesterases can be targeted to help with myasthenia graves and alzheimers

49
Q

NA inhibition

A

Blocked NA release by noradrenergic neuron blocking drugs, stop sympathetic responses

Activated NA release by drugs taken up into terminal causing NA release,

+ affect uptake 1 process leaving more NA enhance transmission

+ inhibit break down

50
Q

what are activating NA drugs called

A

indirect sympathomimetics = mimic response indirectly

51
Q

Targeting receptors

A

has more precise affects than targeting transmitters

52
Q

Agonists

A

stimulate

suffix is mimetics

53
Q

Antagonists

A

inhibit

suffix is lytics

54
Q

Nictonic receptor drugs

A

too hard to target as they have complex systems and responses.

55
Q

Muscarinic receptor drugs

A

muscarinic agonist = para response

muscarinic antagonist = oppose response

eBMS1052 (8 decks)

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