wk7 Flashcards
humanistic approaches
lvl 1: dispositions: traits
lvl 2: characteristic adaptations
lvl 3: integrative life stories
dispositions/traits
recognisable on the surface, descriptive but not explanatory - outline of the person
characteristic adaptations
situational & learning - influences; why are individuals different. filling is specific details.
integrative life stories
what gives life a sense of unity and purpose? what ones life means
instinctoid
we have innate tendencies toward healthy growth and development
deficiency ‘D’ motivation
negative emotional state
hunger, thirst, need for safety/love
lessen intensity as ket
growth/being ‘B’ motives
positive motivational state
giving love unselfishly, drive, curiosity, thirst for knowledge, skill development
unique to individuals
gain intensity as met
hierarchy of needs
1st - physiological 2nd - safety 3rd - love and belonging 4th - esteem 5 - self actualisation
physiological needs
air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, reproduction
safety needs
personally security, employment, resources, health, property
love and belonging
friendship, intimacy, family, a sense of connection
esteem
respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, freedom
self actualisation
desire to become the most that one can be
- individual do who do the best they are capable of
- a general characteristic = frequency they have peak experiences (feelings of ecstasy when achieving something/ when viewing sunsets or stars)
- experiences are influential to ones life
- lack of wants, deficiencies or needs
characteristics of self actualisation
- creative solutions and novel ideas
- B-cognition (non judgemental thinking, occurs during peak experiences)
- self acceptance
- more tolerant
- fewer distortions in perceptions
rogers basic principles
phenomenological position regarding reality
humans function within a subjective frame of reality
how we perceive is based on our moods, beliefs, past experiences and the type of people we are.
rogers on self actualisation
we all have a natural tendency to self actualise it just depends on whether we are blocked.
blocks cause all problems
no motives other than self actualisation
human needs
the drive for satisfaction of basic needs (biological)
development of our potential and the qualities that make us worthwhile human beings (psychological)
rogers focused on psychological as a positive drive.
we develop self destructive aggressive behaviours under perverse conditions
the real self
real organismic self. the genetic blueprint for the person we are capable of becoming if developmental circumstances are favourable
self concept
ideal self - based on hopes and wishes. how we could like to see ourselves.
conditions of worth
- criteria for what we must or must not do in order to gain approval
- these may interfere with personal development if our sole objective is to gain approval from others
- deeply embedded and resistant to change
- they dictate the way we interact with people and the world
- socially constructed / judging ourselves according to what others think of us
- parents and schools influence this
developing self concept
parents and schools facilitate the exploration of curiosity and self reliance and respect for others it fosters creativity
parents with fewer conditions of worth
high functioning - more accepting and impose fewer CoW on their kids
people with more CoWs
less accepting and more judgemental
affects acceptance of others and the self which can cause distortions of reality
developing self concept (2)
there are no stages in the development of self actualisation/ only good and bad environments to facilitate or restrict it
fully functioning person (1)
highly open to experience high in self acceptance positive self concept positive self esteem few conditions of worth
fully functioning person (2)
highly conscientious highly agreeable high in openness low in neuroticism Extroverted high in honesty and humility low in dark triad
person centered therapy
therapist displayed unconditional positive regard for the client
therapist has to be
trusting
accretive
empathetic
to help them to recognise and untangle their feelings and return to an actualising state
congruence
important for understanding the self
- self concept
- ideal self
- organismic self
strengths of rogers (1)
- reasonable if simplified description of behaviours
- concept of conditions of worth are a valuable way of describing mechanisms we use to evaluate our own behaviours
- description of the self is innovative and comparison of ideal self is valuable
- concepts are intuitive and have high face validity
- phenomenological approach attempts to engage with the world as individuals experience it
strengths of rogers (2)
- a lot of research done to support his theories
- over time has expanded to encompass development, education, culture and society
- controversy and debate is valuable to science
- self and ideal self led to attention in these areas -> more research
- core conditions of counselling caused therapy and counselling training to reflect educational training
limitations rogers (1)
- not a total description of human behaviour
- excludes the richness of the unconscious
- reductionist when applying counselling principles to societal problems, ignoring social historical and political factors
- reliant on individual observations not objective measurement
limitations rogers (2)
- Limited support for the idea that humans know what’s best for them
- concepts like unconditional positive regard a little fuzzy and difficult to measure
- claims of non-directiveness in relation to therapy may be overstated
- could be said to have fundamentally too few concepts and assumptions
maslow strengths (1)
- reasonable if simplified description of behaviours
- good face validity
- novel creative approach seeking to explain complex human behaviours
- widely used in organisational/work psychology and other disciplines
- widespread acceptance among psychologists and others
maslow strengths (2)
- Liz the foundations for positive psychology
- makes the self-concept an important construct
- stressed the need to ask meaningful questions versus pursuing trivial research
- question the laboratory approach
- applicable to health and ‘healthy people’ novel
maslow limitations (1)
- overly positive
- some inconsistencies and accepting Freudian defence mechanisms
- Little evidence of scientific value (needs not defined)
- no discussion of genetic contributions
- over simplification of human needs and behaviour; lacks specifics about behaviours and rewards that satisfy needs
maslow limitations (2)
- middle-class doctrine neglect the impact of social context on peoples interpretation of their needs
- not personality theory but about psychological adjustment
- descriptive rather than evaluative
- does not detail how self actualisation can be achieved
- Peak experiences may not relate to self actualisation
