Wk6 Self & Others

Question 1

what aspect of the self did william james comment on?

Answer 1

the duality - ‘partly known and partly knower, partly object and partly subject’

Question 2

memories are bound up with __

Answer 2

emotions

Question 3

emotion gives ___ of self through time

Answer 3

continuity to the sense

Question 4

self-related memories have ___ overlay. disruption to this may produce __

Answer 4

an affective

gaps in the sense of self

Question 5

awareness of others is in relation to __

Answer 5

the self

Question 6

what are two types of misidentifications?

Answer 6

underpersonalisation

overpersonalisation

Question 7

what do disorders of awareness of others involve?

Answer 7

misidentifications

Question 8

what are misidentifications?

Answer 8

alterations of personal significance for persons, places, body parts

Question 9

can someone who experiences misidentifications be corrected? (official term?)

Answer 9

no, it is very hard to tell the person they are wrong

aka: ‘refractory to correction’

Question 10

what are two important characteristics of misidentifications?

Answer 10

they are selective and consistent

Question 11

capgras syndrome is an example of __

Answer 11

underpersonalisation

Question 12

right frontotemporal encephelomalacia is a fancy way of describing what?

Answer 12

softening of the frontotemporal regions

Question 13

what happens in capgras syndrome?

Answer 13

emotional connection removed from appropriate people

Question 14

someone with capgras syndrome might believe __

Answer 14

their wife and children were ‘replaced by substitutes’

Question 15

fregoli syndrome is an example of __

Answer 15

overpersonalisation

Question 16

if a 60 yo woman suffered a right frontal subdural haematoma and claimed that patients in the bed next to her were her husband, what could she be suffering from? (from Ruff & Volpe, 1981)

Answer 16

fregoli syndrome

Question 17

how might someone with fregoli syndrome treat staff members in a hospital? (Feinberg et al. 1999)

Answer 17

claim they were his children

Question 18

what happens in fregoli syndrome?

Answer 18

emotional connection is superimposed on inappropriate people

Question 19

what happens in a mirror sign delusional misidentification?

Answer 19

people cant recognise themselves in a mirror

Question 20

what are the peculiarities of mirror sign delusional misidentification?

Answer 20

patients have intact ability to recognise others in mirror

they can still use the mirror as if they do recognise themselves (eg. grooming)

Question 21

why are disorders of awareness of self distinct from mirror agnosia?

Answer 21

patients still recognise what a mirror is for and can use it, but they cant identify themselves

Question 22

what brain regions were affected by the curious case of a woman who constantly saw girl in reflective surfaces?

Answer 22

bifrontal white matter changes in bilateral parieto-occipatal watershed regions. especially right posterior parietal

Question 23

what type of delusion often accompanies mirror sign misidentification? how does this manifest?

Answer 23

paranoia

the ‘other’ self is not benevolent

Question 24

what happens in phantom boarder syndrome?

Answer 24

patients misidentify their image as another person living in their home

Question 25

what two areas would activate if someone was told to concentrate on their own responses to emotional visual material?

Answer 25

anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex

Question 26

what can we conclude from a study that shows different brain areas activate for viewing emotional material vs attention to subjective emotional reponse?

Answer 26

there is something special, both cognitively and neuroanatomically about the way we process the self

Question 27

what area activates when viewing emotional visual material?

Answer 27

left and right (bilateral) parieto-occipital cortex

Question 28

how is self-reflection often studied in fMRI studies?

Answer 28

ask people to consider a list of adjectives, such as personality traits, mental states, and physical attributes.

Question 29

reflecting on one's personality traits, mental state, or physical attributes all activate ___

Answer 29

medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)

Question 30

what happens in a dichotic listening task?

Answer 30

different types of information are presented to each ear

Question 31

what do dichotic listening tasks show about a person's own name? how?

Answer 31

your name is special information that has salience | presenting a person's name draws their attention (dubbed cocktail party effect)

Question 32

what two types of information can capture attention strongly in a dichotic listening task?

Answer 32

your own name | positively valenced information

Question 33

how does movement show that we like 'nice' things?

Answer 33

we reach for them faster and bring them towards ourselves faster

Question 34

generally, we are biased to consider ourselves as ___

Answer 34

'nice' / positive / 'rewarding'

Question 35

what evidence is there that we prefer to bring 'nice' things towards us? what does this show?

Answer 35

pulling a lever was faster when congruent with good words than bad words. arm movements are related to automatic evaluations of desired/undesired objects

Question 36

recognising your own face is ___ than unfamiliar or familiar other faces

Answer 36

faster and more accurate

Question 37

what brain area is involved in self-face recognition?

Answer 37

rPFC network

Question 38

a problem with self-face recognition study design is __ . how can it be overcome?

Answer 38

familiarity with your own face | implicit tasks like judging the lip shape

Question 39

an implicit task of self-face recognition found that self-faces were not associated with ___ . but it did find that people were __

Answer 39

faster response times | dwelling longer on their own face

Question 40

what does presenting Ps with a range of faces incrementally morphed with celebrities reveal about self-face recognition?

Answer 40

fewer self features of the face are needed to classify it as your own, compared to needing more features of a friends face to categorise them

Question 41

what are two types of self-awareness that could be affecting perception of mirrored vs unmirrored self-faces?

Answer 41

``` internally-directed = mirror socially-directed = non-mirror (photograph) ```

Question 42

how was selfa-awareness manipulated in a study where people identified their mirrored vs unmirrored faces?

Answer 42

Ps heard instructions; 'attend to your breathing' = internal self-aware. 'what defines you?' = socially self-aware.

Question 43

being internally self-aware could make you faster at detecting ___ faces compared to __

Answer 43

mirrored self- | unmirrored self-faces

Question 44

what is the effect of being socially self-aware on dectecting self-faces?

Answer 44

mirrored and unmirrored faces are detected with equal speed

Question 45

how is depression in adolescents linked to face processing? 2

Answer 45

associated with decreased activity in areas for processing positive self-faces, and increases in processing for neutral self-faces

Question 46

what is the effect on RT and accuracy when identifying shapes learned as being self, friend or other?

Answer 46

RT and accuracy is better for self compared to others, when the shape matches the learned category

Question 47

what are two areas/networks that dissociate processing personal significance from strangers?

Answer 47

vmPFC & left posterior STS = greater activation for self pairing of a shape dorsal attentional network = greater activation for pairing stranger with a shape

Question 48

what can modulate the RT effects of detecting self/other paired shapes?

Answer 48

familiarity or exposure to the pairing of the person with the shape (eg. seeing mother -shape pairs more often)

Question 49

___ trait adjectives are better recalled than ___ . what evidence clarified this type of memory is this?

Answer 49

self-reference semantic people indicate that they remember seeing the word previous, more than just the feeling they 'know' it.

Question 50

trait-adjectives that are judged as self-relevant show greater activation of ___

Answer 50

mPFC

Question 51

brain areas like mPFC continue to develop ____ . what are the consequences of this for the self?

Answer 51

much later in adolescence | there should be changes in the way pre-teens and adolescents remember and process self-concepts

Question 52

what could greater mPFC activation in adolescents be contributing to?

Answer 52

heightened self-consciousness in adolescence

Question 53

gray matter peaks ___ for boys compared to girls. what ages?

Answer 53

later boys = 13 girls = 11

Question 54

in adolescence there is a ___ of ___ matter in the ___ cortex

Answer 54

large loss gray prefrontal

Question 55

what are the differences between adolescents and adults in how they use the same network to process the same kind of social cognition tasks? what types of tasks are these?

Answer 55

adolescents use the mid or prefrontal cortex more than adults thinking about other people's minds, emotions, or intentions

Question 56

why might adolescents and adults be using different parts of the same region in social cognition?

Answer 56

they use different sorts of mental approaches to make social decisions

Question 57

which brain area is specifically involved in self-reference processing and when/how does this specialisation develop?

Answer 57

rostral anterior cingulate cortex | gradually from 13 to 18 years old

Question 58

what evidence is there that, for adolescents, peers are processed similarly to the self?

Answer 58

great overlap in neural networks for self and peer judgements, than teachers or politicians.

Question 59

adolescents show overlapping brain activity for processing self-relevant and peer-relevant info in which 2 areas?

Answer 59

vmPFC | mPPC

Question 60

what fact suggests toddlers understand their personal ownership before they can appreciate other's property?

Answer 60

at 16 mo 30% can understand 'mine', only 9% understand possessive pronouns for other people

Question 61

what behaviours suggests that 2 yo's have refined ideas about ownership? 2

Answer 61

they can verbally identify the owner of a familiar object | they can attribute ownership by who is holding/controlling or has put creative labour into an object

Question 62

what was the result of Kahneman and Thaler's classic study on the endowment effect?

Answer 62

people gave higher $ price for a mug if it was gifted to them

Question 63

what evidence shows that object ownership for the self and mother share a neural substrate?

Answer 63

when asked to evaluate the price of an item (sell or buy) mPFC activated as strongly if it was their own or their mother's item

Question 64

in a virtual ownership study, Ps saw items and had to classify them based on whether they owned them or someone else did. there was a surprise memory test after. what factors determined recognition accuracy?

Answer 64

objects were better recognised only if they were self owned and had been chosen by the person, ie not from a list of their items chosen by someone else.

Question 65

what are cultural ownership differences in item memory? what does this imply?

Answer 65

caucasian people showed similar memory for items they owned and items owned by their mother or a stranger. asian people showed better memory for their mother's items, compared to self. asian's sense of self involves their mother, western are more individualistic

Question 66

what visual processing strategy do western participants tend have? what about east asian participants?

Answer 66

analytic | holistic

Question 67

what is the difference between analytic and holistic strategies of visual processing?

Answer 67

``` analytic = focus on individual objects in a scene independent of context/background holistic = integrate 'focal objects' with background ```

Question 68

what type of processing strategy would involve chunking a scene into smaller units?

Answer 68

analytic

Question 69

what does looking at moving fish reveal about the processing strategies of Japanese people compared to Americans?

Answer 69

(compared to US) Japanese have better memory for fish when presented against the original background and worse with a novel background, implying holistic processing (ie. they take in the background more)

Question 70

what are cultural differences between asian and US participants re: endowment effect?

Answer 70

Asian Ps show a much smaller effect

Question 71

if you are pulling your mug towards you, you will be __ compared to an experimenter's mug. and you would place the mug ___

Answer 71

much faster | slightly closer to the experimenter

Question 72

what dv has been used in the 3d motion capture experiments on a person's mug movement?

Answer 72

the position of the mug at its high point in the movement (eg. close to self or experimenter)

Question 73

what is the evidence that personal property ownership is present in young children 2-5 y?

Answer 73

they pull a mug closer to themselves when they are told they own it