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NEUR3302 > Wk6 Self & Others > Flashcards

Wk6 Self & Others Flashcards

1
Q

what aspect of the self did william james comment on?

A

the duality - ‘partly known and partly knower, partly object and partly subject’

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2
Q

memories are bound up with __

A

emotions

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3
Q

emotion gives ___ of self through time

A

continuity to the sense

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4
Q

self-related memories have ___ overlay. disruption to this may produce __

A

an affective

gaps in the sense of self

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5
Q

awareness of others is in relation to __

A

the self

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6
Q

what are two types of misidentifications?

A

underpersonalisation

overpersonalisation

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7
Q

what do disorders of awareness of others involve?

A

misidentifications

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8
Q

what are misidentifications?

A

alterations of personal significance for persons, places, body parts

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9
Q

can someone who experiences misidentifications be corrected? (official term?)

A

no, it is very hard to tell the person they are wrong

aka: ‘refractory to correction’

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10
Q

what are two important characteristics of misidentifications?

A

they are selective and consistent

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11
Q

capgras syndrome is an example of __

A

underpersonalisation

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12
Q

right frontotemporal encephelomalacia is a fancy way of describing what?

A

softening of the frontotemporal regions

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13
Q

what happens in capgras syndrome?

A

emotional connection removed from appropriate people

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14
Q

someone with capgras syndrome might believe __

A

their wife and children were ‘replaced by substitutes’

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15
Q

fregoli syndrome is an example of __

A

overpersonalisation

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16
Q

if a 60 yo woman suffered a right frontal subdural haematoma and claimed that patients in the bed next to her were her husband, what could she be suffering from? (from Ruff & Volpe, 1981)

A

fregoli syndrome

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17
Q

how might someone with fregoli syndrome treat staff members in a hospital? (Feinberg et al. 1999)

A

claim they were his children

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18
Q

what happens in fregoli syndrome?

A

emotional connection is superimposed on inappropriate people

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19
Q

what happens in a mirror sign delusional misidentification?

A

people cant recognise themselves in a mirror

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20
Q

what are the peculiarities of mirror sign delusional misidentification?

A

patients have intact ability to recognise others in mirror

they can still use the mirror as if they do recognise themselves (eg. grooming)

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21
Q

why are disorders of awareness of self distinct from mirror agnosia?

A

patients still recognise what a mirror is for and can use it, but they cant identify themselves

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22
Q

what brain regions were affected by the curious case of a woman who constantly saw girl in reflective surfaces?

A

bifrontal white matter changes in bilateral parieto-occipatal watershed regions. especially right posterior parietal

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23
Q

what type of delusion often accompanies mirror sign misidentification? how does this manifest?

A

paranoia

the ‘other’ self is not benevolent

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24
Q

what happens in phantom boarder syndrome?

A

patients misidentify their image as another person living in their home

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25
Q

what two areas would activate if someone was told to concentrate on their own responses to emotional visual material?

A

anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex

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26
Q

what can we conclude from a study that shows different brain areas activate for viewing emotional material vs attention to subjective emotional reponse?

A

there is something special, both cognitively and neuroanatomically about the way we process the self

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27
Q

what area activates when viewing emotional visual material?

A

left and right (bilateral) parieto-occipital cortex

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28
Q

how is self-reflection often studied in fMRI studies?

A

ask people to consider a list of adjectives, such as personality traits, mental states, and physical attributes.

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29
Q

reflecting on one’s personality traits, mental state, or physical attributes all activate ___

A

medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)

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30
Q

what happens in a dichotic listening task?

A

different types of information are presented to each ear

31
Q

what do dichotic listening tasks show about a person’s own name? how?

A

your name is special information that has salience

presenting a person’s name draws their attention (dubbed cocktail party effect)

32
Q

what two types of information can capture attention strongly in a dichotic listening task?

A

your own name

positively valenced information

33
Q

how does movement show that we like ‘nice’ things?

A

we reach for them faster and bring them towards ourselves faster

34
Q

generally, we are biased to consider ourselves as ___

A

‘nice’ / positive / ‘rewarding’

35
Q

what evidence is there that we prefer to bring ‘nice’ things towards us? what does this show?

A

pulling a lever was faster when congruent with good words than bad words.
arm movements are related to automatic evaluations of desired/undesired objects

36
Q

recognising your own face is ___ than unfamiliar or familiar other faces

A

faster and more accurate

37
Q

what brain area is involved in self-face recognition?

A

rPFC network

38
Q

a problem with self-face recognition study design is __ . how can it be overcome?

A

familiarity with your own face

implicit tasks like judging the lip shape

39
Q

an implicit task of self-face recognition found that self-faces were not associated with ___ . but it did find that people were __

A

faster response times

dwelling longer on their own face

40
Q

what does presenting Ps with a range of faces incrementally morphed with celebrities reveal about self-face recognition?

A

fewer self features of the face are needed to classify it as your own, compared to needing more features of a friends face to categorise them

41
Q

what are two types of self-awareness that could be affecting perception of mirrored vs unmirrored self-faces?

A 
internally-directed = mirror 
socially-directed = non-mirror (photograph)
42
Q

how was selfa-awareness manipulated in a study where people identified their mirrored vs unmirrored faces?

A

Ps heard instructions; ‘attend to your breathing’ = internal self-aware. ‘what defines you?’ = socially self-aware.

43
Q

being internally self-aware could make you faster at detecting ___ faces compared to __

A

mirrored self-

unmirrored self-faces

44
Q

what is the effect of being socially self-aware on dectecting self-faces?

A

mirrored and unmirrored faces are detected with equal speed

45
Q

how is depression in adolescents linked to face processing? 2

A

associated with decreased activity in areas for processing positive self-faces, and increases in processing for neutral self-faces

46
Q

what is the effect on RT and accuracy when identifying shapes learned as being self, friend or other?

A

RT and accuracy is better for self compared to others, when the shape matches the learned category

47
Q

what are two areas/networks that dissociate processing personal significance from strangers?

A

vmPFC & left posterior STS = greater activation for self pairing of a shape
dorsal attentional network = greater activation for pairing stranger with a shape

48
Q

what can modulate the RT effects of detecting self/other paired shapes?

A

familiarity or exposure to the pairing of the person with the shape (eg. seeing mother -shape pairs more often)

49
Q

___ trait adjectives are better recalled than ___ . what evidence clarified this type of memory is this?

A

self-reference
semantic
people indicate that they remember seeing the word previous, more than just the feeling they ‘know’ it.

50
Q

trait-adjectives that are judged as self-relevant show greater activation of ___

A

mPFC

51
Q

brain areas like mPFC continue to develop ____ . what are the consequences of this for the self?

A

much later in adolescence

there should be changes in the way pre-teens and adolescents remember and process self-concepts

52
Q

what could greater mPFC activation in adolescents be contributing to?

A

heightened self-consciousness in adolescence

53
Q

gray matter peaks ___ for boys compared to girls. what ages?

A

later
boys = 13
girls = 11

54
Q

in adolescence there is a ___ of ___ matter in the ___ cortex

A

large loss
gray
prefrontal

55
Q

what are the differences between adolescents and adults in how they use the same network to process the same kind of social cognition tasks? what types of tasks are these?

A

adolescents use the mid or prefrontal cortex more than adults

thinking about other people’s minds, emotions, or intentions

56
Q

why might adolescents and adults be using different parts of the same region in social cognition?

A

they use different sorts of mental approaches to make social decisions

57
Q

which brain area is specifically involved in self-reference processing and when/how does this specialisation develop?

A

rostral anterior cingulate cortex

gradually from 13 to 18 years old

58
Q

what evidence is there that, for adolescents, peers are processed similarly to the self?

A

great overlap in neural networks for self and peer judgements, than teachers or politicians.

59
Q

adolescents show overlapping brain activity for processing self-relevant and peer-relevant info in which 2 areas?

A

vmPFC

mPPC

60
Q

what fact suggests toddlers understand their personal ownership before they can appreciate other’s property?

A

at 16 mo 30% can understand ‘mine’, only 9% understand possessive pronouns for other people

61
Q

what behaviours suggests that 2 yo’s have refined ideas about ownership? 2

A

they can verbally identify the owner of a familiar object

they can attribute ownership by who is holding/controlling or has put creative labour into an object

62
Q

what was the result of Kahneman and Thaler’s classic study on the endowment effect?

A

people gave higher $ price for a mug if it was gifted to them

63
Q

what evidence shows that object ownership for the self and mother share a neural substrate?

A

when asked to evaluate the price of an item (sell or buy) mPFC activated as strongly if it was their own or their mother’s item

64
Q

in a virtual ownership study, Ps saw items and had to classify them based on whether they owned them or someone else did. there was a surprise memory test after. what factors determined recognition accuracy?

A

objects were better recognised only if they were self owned and had been chosen by the person, ie not from a list of their items chosen by someone else.

65
Q

what are cultural ownership differences in item memory? what does this imply?

A

caucasian people showed similar memory for items they owned and items owned by their mother or a stranger.
asian people showed better memory for their mother’s items, compared to self.

asian’s sense of self involves their mother, western are more individualistic

66
Q

what visual processing strategy do western participants tend have? what about east asian participants?

A

analytic

holistic

67
Q

what is the difference between analytic and holistic strategies of visual processing?

A 
analytic = focus on individual objects in a scene independent of context/background
holistic = integrate 'focal objects' with background
68
Q

what type of processing strategy would involve chunking a scene into smaller units?

A

analytic

69
Q

what does looking at moving fish reveal about the processing strategies of Japanese people compared to Americans?

A

(compared to US) Japanese have better memory for fish when presented against the original background and worse with a novel background, implying holistic processing (ie. they take in the background more)

70
Q

what are cultural differences between asian and US participants re: endowment effect?

A

Asian Ps show a much smaller effect

71
Q

if you are pulling your mug towards you, you will be __ compared to an experimenter’s mug. and you would place the mug ___

A

much faster

slightly closer to the experimenter

72
Q

what dv has been used in the 3d motion capture experiments on a person’s mug movement?

A

the position of the mug at its high point in the movement (eg. close to self or experimenter)

73
Q

what is the evidence that personal property ownership is present in young children 2-5 y?

A

they pull a mug closer to themselves when they are told they own it

NEUR3302 (7 decks)

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