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NEUR3302 > Wk4 Space & Action 2 > Flashcards

Wk4 Space & Action 2 Flashcards

1
Q

representation of the body is constructed in __

A

, or by, the parietal lobe

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2
Q

what are arguably key properties of the representation of the body?

A

it is dynamic, changeable, and plastic

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3
Q

gravitational effects on misperceptions of the environment are stronger in patients with ___ 2

A

unilateral vestibular loss

unilateral brain damage

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4
Q

In Lopez and Blanke’s paradigm what is the effect of sitting down and why?

A

Px misperceive a bar’s orientation from standing, to sitting, to lying.
Sitting disrupts their sense of gravity given by their feet, through the plantar reflex.

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5
Q

why is an upright stance an optimal position for gravitational perception?

A

the head is aligned with gravity, placing the otolith receptor in an optimal orientation for coding gravitational acceleration.

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6
Q

what are two sensory sources that allow us to process body position with respect to gravity?

A

gravitational acceleration from otolith receptors

mechanoreceptors of the plantar sole (feet)

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7
Q

how does lying down affect body perception? what are two converging reasons for this?

A

lying makes you more likely to misperceive and misintegrate sensory and environmental cues with respect to the body.

otolith receptors are in a less optimal position to encode gravitational acceleration
the feet dont contact the floor, so there is no info from movement receptors

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8
Q

processing the body’s position with respect to gravity is ___ and __

A

highly dynamic

always being updated by sensory changes

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9
Q

what is a body schema?

A

a representation of the body that is independent of sensory inputs from the environment

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10
Q

in what strange ways can phantom limbs be perceived? 2

A

the limb can stretch and foreshorten

it can also protrude at weird angles

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11
Q

phantom limbs add support/ suggest that __

A

we have a fundamental body schema which can be developed over time

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12
Q

how did ramachandran explain that a patient was feeling sensations in his amputated hand when his cheek was stroked?

A

the face portion of the somatosensory map merged/took over some of the area of the lost hand

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13
Q

what are two phenomena elicited by the rubber hand illusion?

A

proprioceptive drift

subjective ownership

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14
Q

in brief how is the rubber hand illusion created?

A

an experimenter synchronously stimulates both a rubber hand and the participant’s real, hidden hand

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15
Q

what does proprioceptive drift reveal about processes of body representation?

A

an updating of the neuronal representations of the body can occur in real time

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16
Q

how would you know that proprioceptive drift has occured in the rubber hand illusion?

A

where the participant reports their hand is will be shifted away from its actual location, towards the fake hand

17
Q

even a ___ is capable of eliciting the rubber hand illusion

A

block of wood

18
Q

what are some ways that affective / physiological responses have been influenced by subjective ownership in the rubber hand illusion? 3

A

blood assays reveal changes in histamines
temperature of the real hand can drop when Px perceive the fake hand as their own
there is a startle response to a knife attack on the fake hand (where Px snatch their real hand away!)

19
Q

what was found by performing the rubber hand illusion on children with autism? and what does this suggest?

A

delayed induction of the illusion

suggests a multisensory integration deficit that is occurring in autism

20
Q

what does the rubber hand illusion suggest about vision and proprioception?

A

vision is more dominant / has higher priority than proprioception, when forming a body representation

21
Q

what fact shows that people’s internal representation is flexible and extensible?

A

it can incorporate non-animate objects, such as tools, and make them part of the self representation

22
Q

what is an affordance?

A

the feature / quality of an object that allows an action to happen

23
Q

a graspable object in the environment elicits what two types of action?

A

wanted/appropriate, which are released and enacted

unwanted/inappropriate which are inhibited

24
Q

what idea do affordances suggest?

A

there is a link between our actions and the physical environment – are we ‘predisposed’ to work with tools

25
Q

evidence of affordances comes from? 3

A

simple response times
kinematics
neuronal activation

26
Q

describe the tucker and ellis 1998 paradigm of object affordances (1) and results (2)

A

indirect task was to judge whether an object was upside or rightside down.

RT and error were better when the object handle was implicitly positioned on the same side as the hand used to make the keyboard response. effect was strong for both hands but disappeared when using left/right fingers on the same hand.

27
Q

what does the (tucker and ellis 1998) study on flipped everyday objects suggest about affordances?

A

there are learned links between the motor system and the environment that operate implicitly

28
Q

what was used as a control when showing images of graspable objects in fMRI (Creem-Regehr et al, 2005)? why?

A

a scrambled image of the objected.
so that the visual features like colour, shape, etc would be consistent and the brain would be seeing the same visual information, just without the representation of the object.

29
Q

what brain area activation was found more for tools than shapes? how was this interpreted by Creem-Regehr et al. (2005)?

A

greater left posterior parietal,

more information called up about body positioning, touch, and weight of the tool

30
Q

seeing a football or foot pump may active which brain area?

A

the foot region of the ventral premotor

31
Q

what brain areas are associated with identifying the function of a tool? why?

A

middle temporal gyrus and fusiform gyrus

because of the link to semantic processing in the temporal lobe

32
Q

what type of bimodal neurones were examined in macaques to show that tool use extends space representation? where were these?

A

tactile (in the shoulder area) and visual bimodality

anterior inferior parietal sulcus

33
Q

what evidence is there that tool use can extend space representation? what does this show?

A

evidence from receptive fields of bimodal neurones in macaques shows that these RFs enlarge and shrink depending on whether the animal is given a tool to reach with.

larger spatial areas are encoded in neuronal spikes, if the reachable space is extended with tools.

34
Q

objects can be incorporated into our __

A

self representation / internal representation

NEUR3302 (7 decks)

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