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NEUR3302 > Wk1 > Flashcards

Wk1 Flashcards

1
Q

3 main germ layers in development

A

endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm

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2
Q

mitosis is the process of __

A

cell division

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3
Q

what is the first stage of the embryo

A

morula

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4
Q

what stage of embryonic development starts to accumulate liquid on the inside?

A

blastocyst

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5
Q

what are the two main layers of the bilaminar embryo?

A

epiblast

hypoblast

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6
Q

where is an embryo generated from?

A

epiblast

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7
Q

where do extra embryonic cells originate?

A

hypoblast

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8
Q

what is gastrulation?

A

the stage when the embryonic disk collapses in on itself to form the embryonic (germ) layers

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9
Q

in gastrulation, cells fold around the __

A

midline

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10
Q

in gastrulation, cells on the surface of the ___ move ___

A

epiblast

inwardly

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11
Q

what does the ectoderm form? 2

A

skin

nervous system

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12
Q

what does the mesoderm form? 5

A 
muscle
connective tissue
blood cells
urogenital system 
most internal organs
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13
Q

what does the endoderm form? 2

A

respiratory and digestive tubes

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14
Q

where does the mesoderm form?

A

in between the ectoderm and endoderm

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15
Q

early nutrition that feeds the embryo comes through the ____ from the ___

A

vitelline duct

yolk sac

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16
Q

what happens in neurulation?

A

the ectoderm folds in on itself to create a neural tube

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17
Q

on which orietnation of the embryo does the neural tube form?

A

dorsal ( back)

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18
Q

how early is the neural tube starting to develop? when is it complete?

A

21 days

24-25 days

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19
Q

the neural tube closes like __ towards ___

A 
a zipper 
each end (having started in the middle)
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20
Q

where does the neural tube form from?

A

ectoderm

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21
Q

a neural tube will close when the ___ meet

A

neural folds on the surface of the ectoderm

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22
Q

what comes from the hollow centre of the neural tube?

A

CSF

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23
Q

def neural plate (in development)

A

region of the ectoderm that will form the neural tube

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24
Q

what happens to the ectoderm layer once the neural tube has closed?

A

it will form skin

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25
Q

in what way does the nervous system arise from the ectoderm?

A

ectoderm forms the neural tube and the NS comes from this.

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26
Q

where are neurons of the Nervous system generated from in embryo?

A

neural tube (not ectoderm)

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27
Q

what happens to the neural fold once closed?

A

they become neural crest cells that go on to form bone, cartilage, nerves, and hair

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28
Q

how is hair important for developing a head and a face?

A

it reflects the compactness of sensation nerves in the brain, like nose and eyes etc. other animals without hair, like jellyfish, have more distributed nervous systems like a web instead of brain

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29
Q

what is produced at the ventral aspect of the neural tube?

A

SHH

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30
Q

the notocord produces a protein called ___

A

SHH

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31
Q

where is BMP formed?

A

dorsal aspect of the neural tube, near nerual fold

32
Q

what is the significance of two proteins, BMP and SHH?

A

they are created at opposing sites (dorsal vs ventral) of the neural tube and thus form a gradient of protein expression as they diffuse along the neural tube tissue, which determines later neuron types

33
Q

2 ‘plates’ of neural tube and position?

A

roof plate = dorsal

floor plate = ventral

34
Q

different __ of proteins are important for giving __ to neurones as they develop in embryo and could determine whether neurones are ____

A

gradients
pattern/types
sensory or motor

35
Q

motor neurons are located more towards the __ aspect of the neural tube. the opposite aspect would have ___ neurons

A

ventral

sensory

36
Q

3 primary vesicles of the brain?

A

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

37
Q

what are the 5 secondary vesicles and which primary vesicle do they form from?

A

pros- :
tel- & di-

mes -> mes-

rhomb- :
met- & myel-

38
Q

secondary vesicles have formed around ___ weeks

A

7-8

39
Q

hypothalamus primarily regulates __

A

bodily functions (effector) like temperature, sleep, breathing

40
Q

thalamus is primarily a __

A

sensory relay

41
Q

the functional differences between the thalamus and hypothalamus is a continuation of what division in the neural tube?

A

sensory is dorsal, effector (muscle) is ventral

42
Q

what sense does not go through the thalamus? why?

A

olfactory,

an ancient sense (sub-aquatic origins)

43
Q

only mammals have a __ cortex

A

cerebral (neo-)

44
Q

a basic function of the cerebrum is __

A

association (intelligence)

45
Q

what neuro-psychopharmalogical processes are finished by birth? 3

A

neurulation
neuronal proliferation
neural migration (at birth)

46
Q

which neuropsychopharmalogical process continues into adulthood?

A

myelination

47
Q

which neuro developmental process stops around adolescence? how does it relate to / explain adolescence?

A

synaptogenesis

dopaminergic system is still maturing (synapses from ventral tegmentum to PFC)

48
Q

what protein is produced anteriorly which allows a 3d protein gradient

A

Fgf

49
Q

how are brain areas specified in development?

A

the combination of proteins that are expressed in different combinations (protein gradient)

50
Q

what evidence demonstrates that protein gradient determines brain areas in rodents? 2

A

the whisker sensitive area of somatosensory cortex was moved towards or away from proteins that were injected
injecting a protein in an unusual place bisected the usual gradient (creating 2 areas)

51
Q

how do newborn neurons migrate? which way do they go?

A

using radial glial cells as a scaffolding

from the inner surface of the brain to the outer

52
Q

what happens in ‘inside out’ development of the cortex?

A

cells start in the CSF and use the glial scaffold radiate outwards.

53
Q

which layers of the cortex are the first to be formed?

A

deeper layers (5 & 6)

54
Q

as new neurons are produced where do they migrate? and through what?

A

to upper layers of cortex

through existing layers of cortex that have already been previously established

55
Q

why are there gyri and sulci, from a neuronal development perspective?

A

because of overshoots in neurons that are produced and migrated more densely into upper layers

56
Q

which cortical layers are developed first and which last?

A

deeper layers are the first to recieve migrating neurons

upper layers receive neurons at a later stage which have migrated through the early layers

57
Q

inside out development of the cortex only happens in __

A

mammals

58
Q

what are the primary neurons that migrate radially? what type of neuron are they?

A

pyramidal

excitatory

59
Q

most common excitatory (1) and inhibitory (1) neurotransmitters?

A

glutamate

GABA

60
Q

what type of neurons migrate tangentially? what type of neuronal action do they have?

A

interneurons

inhibitory

61
Q

what type of developing neuron would migrate along the lines of the tissue?

A

interneurons

62
Q

what protein is critical for inside out development, instead of outside in?

A

reelin

63
Q

where is reelin produced?

A

Cajal-Retzius cells in the pial (external) surface

64
Q

mutant rodents that dont produce reelin have ___ . new neurons will __

A

outside in development/ organisation of the cortex stay at the bottom

65
Q

reelin is essential for __

A

allowing new neurons to migrate up through existing layers

66
Q

the longest axon is __

A

20 meters in whales

67
Q

what feature is essential for axons to find their target?

A

the growth cone

68
Q

which part of the growth cone moves?

A

peripheral domain (as opposed to central domain)

69
Q

which two parts of the growth cone cytoskeleton allow axon guidance?

A

microtubules and actin filaments

70
Q

how does an axon move towards or away from attractors and repulsors?

A

repulsive - actin filaments will be severed, stopping microtubules developing in that direction
attractive - actin extends towards, allowing microtubules to expand in that direction

71
Q

4 factors that determine the mechanisms for growth cone guidance?

A

extracellular matrix
chemorepulsion/attraction
contact inhibition / adhesion
pioneer neurons

72
Q

how would suppressing the activity of calcium spikes impact the development of neurons due to electrical activity? what would be the opposite effect of increasing spikes?

A

more excitatory neurons

more inhibitory neurons develop

73
Q

netrin is a protein that causes __

A

chemorepulsion of the growth cone

74
Q

electrical activity can determine whether growth cones are guided __ a repulsive molecule. what does this show?

A

towards or away from
the (electrical) environment is a strong determinant of how axons are guided, and it can change its response to apparently respulsive proteins

75
Q

what is the effect of silencing electrical activity on developing neurons 2

A

it decreases the speed of axonal growth

disrupts axonal branching

76
Q

the Kir gene can __ electrical activity

A

silence

NEUR3302 (7 decks)

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