Wk6 - ANS Flashcards
Is the ANS a division of the PNS or CNS?
PNS
Is the ANS an efferent or affarent division of the PNS?
efferent
Describe the neurons of the ANS, including what their innervations (simple answer)
- visceral affarent and efferent neurons
- innervate (thus regulate) cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands
What system does the ANS pair with to maintain the internal environment of the body?
endocrine system
What singular structure regulates both the ANS and endocrine system?
hypothalamus
What are the 2 main branches of the ANS, and when do these dominate?
- SNS - fight or flight situations
2. PNS - rest or digest situations
Recent research suggests a third division to the ANS, known as what?
the enteric nervous system (ENS)
What does the ENS consist of?
Myenteric and mucosal plexuses of the GIT.
Briefly, explain the impact the CNS has on the ENS?
The ENS functions independently of extrinsic input; including that from the brain/ SC (CNS).
4 functions of the ENS?
“GIMM”
- Motility
- Gastric acid secretion
- Intestinal water & electrolyte transport
- Mucosal blood flow
Can the CNS influence visceral activity of the GIT?
Yes! Although to a limited extent, the CNS’ influence is really just the modulation of on-going events.
(note: Was your answer no? Don’t get confused between whether or not the CNS can affect the ENS, and whether or not the CNS can affect visceral activity. CNS cannot influence the ENS, however CNS can influence the visceral activity of the GIT. The ENS isn’t the all decider of gut activity, remember it’s only recently discovered!)
How is the CNS informed of visceral activity in the GIT?
visceral affarent neurons to the spinal cord and medulla.
Differentiate between the following terms:
Affarent and efferent.
Remember ‘E’ for Exit, as in away from CNS.
Affarent - towards CNS (or towards organ for BV’s)
Efferent - away from CNS (or away from organ for BV’s).
Define the following term(s):
Viscera.
The internal organs in the main cavities of the body (general term, meaning to do with organs).
Differentiate the SNS and PNS in regards to energy expenditure.
PNS - conserves and stores energy in regular situations. This is achieved by promotion of digestion and absorbtion of food, through increased secretions/ peristalsis.
SNS - uses energy in excess for emergency situations. This includes increased HR, RR, CO etc, in response to fear rage or sudden exercise. There’s no point in having heaps of chemical energy inside the body if you’re dead!
Explain how the efferent path (toward effector) differs between the somatic and autonomic NS.
Somatic - a singular somatic motor neuron (myelinated) travels to effector. No ganglion. Neurotransmitter is ACh.
Autonomic - ganglion (mass of cell bodies) exist in efferent path. There is therefor a preganglionic neuron (myelinated) and a postganglionic neuron (unmyelinated). The neurotransmitter within the autonomic ganglion is ACh, whereas the neurotransmitter at the effector is ACh or NE.
Explain the parasympathetic response at the following effector organ(s):
a. ) pupil
b. ) salivary glands
c. ) heart
a. ) pupil - constrict
b. ) salivary glands - watery secretion
c. ) heart - slower HR
Explain the parasympathetic response at the following effector organ(s):
a. ) lungs
b. ) digestive tract
c. ) endocrine pancrease
d. ) exocrine pancrease
a. ) lungs - bronchioles constrict
b. ) digestive tract - increased motility and secretion
c. ) endocrine pancrease - stimulates insulin secretion
d. ) exocrine pancrease - increased enzyme secretion
Explain the parasympathetic response at the following effector organ(s):
a. ) urinary bladder
b. ) sex organs
c. ) uterus
a. ) urinary bladder - release of urine
b. ) sex organs - erection
c. ) uterus - PNS effect depends on stage of uterine cycle
Explain the sympathetic response at the following effector organ(s), including what type of receptor is involved:
a. ) pupil
b. ) salivary glands
c. ) heart
a. ) pupil - dilate, α
b. ) salivary glands - mucus and enzyme secretion, α and β2
c. ) heart - increased HR and force of contraction, β1
Explain the sympathetic response at the following effector organ(s), including what type of receptor is involved:
a. ) arterioles
b. ) veins
c. ) lungs
d. ) digestive tract
a. ) arterioles - constrict, α
b. ) veins - dilate, β2
c. ) lungs - bronchioles dilate, β2
d. ) digestive tract - decreased motility and secretion, α1 and β2
Explain the sympathetic response at the following effector organ(s), including what type of receptor is involved:
a. ) exocrine pancrease
b. ) endocrine pancrease
c. ) kidney
d. ) urinary bladder
a. ) exocrine pancrease - decreased enzyme secretion, α
b. ) endocrine pancrease - inhibits insulin secretion, α
c. ) kidney - increased renin secretion, β1
d. ) urinary bladder - urinary retention, α1 and β2
Explain the sympathetic response at the following effector organ(s), including what type of receptor is involved:
a. ) adipose tissue
b. ) sweat glands
c. ) sex organs
d. ) uterus
e. ) lymphoid tissue
a. ) adipose tissue - fat breakdown, β
b. ) sweat glands - localised sweating, α
c. ) sex organs - ejactulation (males), α
d. ) uterus - depends on stage of uterine cycle, α1 and β2
e. ) lymphoid tissue - general inhibition, α1 and β2
Provide some examples of effector organs not affected by parasympathetic stimulation? (5)
- arterioles/ veins
- adrenal medulla
- kidney
- adipose
- lymphoid
Provide an example of effector organ not affected by sympathetic stimulation? (don’t spend too long on this question)
trick question; no general effector organ of the body is immune to sympathetic stimulation
What are the 6 physiological differences between PNS and SNS? (essay size)
- SNS has widespread effect - due to preganglionic fibres synapsing onto MANY postganglionic neurones, and the adrenal medulla which releases NE & E.
- PNS has discrete control - contrasting to the SNS, the PNS preganglionic fibres synapse with few postganglionic neurones.
- SNS has adrenal medulla - PNS has no such comparable organ.
- PNS postganglionic fibres release only ACh - in contrast to this the SNS most often releases NE, however does release ACh to some organs (ie. sweat glands)
- SNS is energy spending - prepares the body for emergencies.
- PNS is energy conserving/ storing - dominates in ‘everyday life’.
What type of receptor is found on the cell body of the postganglionic neurone?
nicotinic receptor
What type of receptor is found on the surface of the target tissue, considering this tissue is innervated by the SNS?
adrenergenic receptor
What type of receptor is found on the surface of the target tissue, considering this tissue is innervated by the PNS?
muscuranic receptor
What neurotransmitter is transmitted between pre & postganglionic neurones?
ACh
What neurotransmitter is transmitted between the postganglionic neuron and target tissue, considering this target tissue is innervated by the SNS?
Norepinephrine (NE) most of the time, occasionally ACh (ie. if effector is sweat gland).
What neurotransmitter is transmitted between the postganglionic neuron and target tissue, considering this target tissue is innervated by the PNS?
ACh
What is the primary structure responsible for maintenance of homeostasis?
hypothalamus
The effect brought about by the hypothalamus is dependant on which region of the structure is stimulated. Describe the effect if the hypothalamus is stimulated…
a. ) Anteriorly
b. ) Posteriorly
a. ) Anteriorly - influence PNS responses
b. ) Posteriorly - influence SNS responses
Aside from the hypothalamus, what other regions of the brain may influence autonomic responses?
(note: this question regards region based upon function, not actual names like pons etc).
Lower brain centres…
- vasopressor vasodilater
- cardio-accelerator
- cardio-decelerator
- respiratory centres
Explain what is meant by the following general term(s):
Reticular Formation
the Reticular Formation is the collective term for all the lower brain centres which, like the hypothalamus, can influence the autonomic response. These include:
- vasopressor vasodilater
- cardio-accelerator
- cardio-decelerator
- respiratory centres
Explain what autonomic controls the following structure exhibits:
Hypothalamus.
- water balance
- temperature
- hunger
(I believe the hypothalamus does more, but it’s Phil’s lecture/ unit)
Explain what autonomic controls the following structure exhibits:
Pons.
- respiration
- cardiac effects
- vasoconstriction
Explain what autonomic controls the following structure exhibits:
Medulla
Respiration.
The heart is innervated by both SNS and PNS fibres.
Where do SNS postganglionic fibres arise from?
the cervical and upper thoracic portions of sympathetic trunks.
How do sympathetic fibres travel within the heart?
fibres pass through cardiac plexuses –> terminate on SA and AV nodes & general myocardium
What division of the ANS effects the cardio-acceleratory centre of the heart, and what is the effect?
SNS stimulates cardio-acceleratory centre, stimulating increased HR and contraction strength
How do parasympathetic fibres travel toward the heart?
via the vagus nerve
How do parasympathetic fibres travel within the heart?
parasympathetic fibres (of vagus nerve) synapse with postganglionic neurons in cardiac plexuses, then these postganglionic neuron’s fibres travel to the SA and AV node.
(note: the myocardium is NOT under any PNS innervation, what can you therefor infer about the effect of the PNS on the heart? PNS only affects HR, not contraction strength!)
What is the effect of PNS stimulation on the heart?
a decrease in HR.
Cardiovascular reflexes rely on pressure receptors known as baroreceptors. Where are these found?
- carotid sinus
- aortic arch
Explain the step-by-step process of a cardiovascular reflex, beginning with an elevated BP. (8 steps)
- Elevated BP
- Increased AP firing of baroreceptors in carotid sinus and aortic arch
- Increased AP firing in affarent nerves
- Stimulation of cardiovascular centre (pons)
- Three fold response brought about by CVC:
a. ) decreased sympathetic cardiac nerve activity
b. ) decreased sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve activity
c. ) increased parasympathetic nerve activity - Decreased HR and SV, artereolar and venous vasodilation
- Decreased CO and TPR
- Deceased BP back to homeostatic levels.