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Physiological concepts > Wk11 - Hypo + Pituitary > Flashcards

Wk11 - Hypo + Pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

What is pituitary gland AKA?

A

Hypophysis.

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2
Q

What structure connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

A

Infundibulum.

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3
Q

t/f: the two lobes of the pituitary gland are distinct anatomically, but not functionally.

A

FALSE - the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary are distinct both anatomically AND functionally.

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4
Q

Provide the correct physiological term for the following:

Anterior lobe of pituitary.

A

Neurohypophysis (stimulated neurally).

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5
Q

Provide the correct physiological term for the following:

Posterior lobe of pituitary.

A

Adenohypophysis (stimulated hormonally).

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6
Q

The hypothalamus and pituitary gland collectively form what ‘system’?

A

Neuro-endocrine system.

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7
Q

Explain the basic sequence of events for a hormone being released from the POSTERIOR lobe of the pituitary gland. (simple answer)

A
  1. Hormone is made and packaged (into vesicles) within the hypothalamus. Two distinct clusters of cell bodies lie here.
  2. Hormone travels down through the infundibulum within vesicles.
  3. Hormone is stored within neuronal terminals in the posterior pituitary, where it is then waiting upon nervous stimulation for release. HOWEVER, not much storage is able to occur here (as it’s a neuronal terminal after all), the majority of the hormones would be stored within the hypothalamus.
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8
Q

t/f: the posterior pituitary does not produce it’s own hormones.

A

True.

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9
Q

Where are ADH and oxytocin produced, specifically?

A

Within the bodies of neurons located within the hypothalamus.

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10
Q

What’re the 2 distinct clusters of nerve cells, located within the hypothalamus called?
Collectively, what sort of neurons are these?

A
  1. Supraoptic nucleus.
  2. Paraventricular nucleus.
    Collectively, these are neuro-secretory neurons.
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11
Q

What is the connection between the hypothalamus and the POSTERIOR pituitary called? (hint: be specific)

A

Hypothalamic-posterior pituitary stalk.

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12
Q

t/f: the supraoptic nucleus produces ADH, whilst the paraventricular produces oxytocin.

A

False - they both produce both.

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13
Q

What is the chemical structure of the hormones released by the posterior pituitary? (what sort of hormone?)

A

Small, peptide hormones.

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14
Q

What are the main constituents of the posterior pituitary? (2)

A
  1. Neuronal terminals (containing ADH/ oxytocin). (note: these are literally the axons of those neurons originating in the hypothalamus, so in a way the posterior pituitary is just an extension of the hypothalamus).
  2. Pituicytes (supporting cells).
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15
Q

What mediates the release of ADH and oxytocin from the posterior pituitary?

A

Ca+2 mediates the release of these hormones from the posterior pituitary, in a process known as Ca+2 induced exocytosis (of the excretory granules).

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16
Q

What’re the 2 MAIN effects of ADH?

A
  1. Increased water retention (kidneys).

2. Vasoconsctriction.

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17
Q

What are the major, and minor ‘controls’ for ADH release?

A

Major - hypothalamic osmoreceptors.

Minor - left atrial baroreceptors.

18
Q

What’re the 2 MAIN effects of oxytocin?

A
  1. Contraction of uterine smooth muscle (child-birth).

2. Ejection of milk from mammary glands (breast-feeding).

19
Q

t/f: the anterior pituitary produces it’s own hormones.

A

True.

20
Q

How may the hormones of the pituitary gland be subdivided, into 2 groups? State the hormones within these groups.

A
  1. Trophic hormones - Prolactin, TSH, ACTH, FSH.
  2. Gonadotropins - FSH, LH.
    (note: FSH is both trophic and a gonadotropin)
21
Q

t/f: the anterior pituitary’s hormones are produced locally, and each hormone is produced by distinct cell populations within the gland.

A

True.

22
Q

List the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary. (6)

A
  1. GH.
  2. TSH.
  3. ACTH.
  4. FSH.
  5. LH.
  6. Prolactin.
23
Q

Which hormones that are released from the anterior pituitary are secreted at a constant rate?

A

NONE - all hormones released from the anterior pituitary are subject to regulatory systems which keep there secretion rate dynamic.

24
Q

What’re the 2 main factors regulating hormone release from the anterior pituitary?

A
  1. Hypothalamic hormones (releasing/ inhibiting).

2. Neg/ positive feedback from target organs.

25
Q

How is it the hypothalamus influences hormone release from the anterior pituitary?

A

The hypothalamus releases hormones, which are either releasing hormones/ factors, or inhibiting hormones/ factors.

26
Q

List the hypothalamic releasing hormone(s) or factor(s). (5)

A
  1. GH releasing hormone (GHRH).
  2. Prolactin releasing factor (PRF).
  3. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH).
  4. Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH).
  5. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GRH).
27
Q

List the hypothalamic inhibiting hormone(s) or factor(s). (2)

A
  1. GH inhibiting hormone (GHIH).

2. Prolactin inhibiting factor (PIF).

28
Q

What is GH inhibiting hormone (GHIH) AKA?

A

Somatostatin.

29
Q

What is PIF AKA?

A

Dopamine.

30
Q

What is the name of the system of blood vessels connecting the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland; and what is it’s general purpose?

A

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system is the system of veins connecting the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland; through the infundibulum.
The purpose of this is to provide a route which bypasses general systemic circulation, through which regulatory hormones from the hypothalamus may pass to the anterior pituitary. Otherwise, nuclei within the hypothalamus would release their hormones and these hormones would travel all around the body and become dilute.

31
Q

What is a major structural difference between the hypothalamus, and most other brain structures?

A

The hypothalamus is NOT protected by the BBB.

32
Q

Explain what is meant by the following term(s):

Trophic hormone.

A

A hormone which stimulates release of other hormones, from it’s target gland.

33
Q

State the basic function of the following hormone:

Prolactin.

A

Stimulates milk secretion from mammary glands.

34
Q

State the basic function of the following hormone:

ACTH.

A

Stimulates cortisol release from adrenal cortex.

35
Q

State the basic function of the following hormone:

FSH.

A

Stimulates gamete production within gonads (female gonads are ovaries, male gonads are testes).

36
Q

State the basic function of the following hormone:

TSH.

A

Stimulates T3/ T4 release from thyroid.

37
Q

State the basic function of the following hormone:

GH.

A

Stimulates growth in many tissues, and stimulates the liver to release somatomedins (which induce bone and soft tissue growth).

38
Q

State the basic function of the following hormone:

LH.

A

Stimulates sex hormone release from gonads (oestrogen and progesterone for females, testosterone in males).

39
Q

The effect of hormone release from the anterior pituitary may be a ‘3 hormone sequence’. Elaborate.

A
  1. Hypothalamic releasing hormone/ factor.
  2. Anterior pituitary hormone.
  3. Target organ hormone.
40
Q

Explain the CRH - ACTH - cortisol control system.

A
  1. Hypothalamus releases CRH.
  2. CRH travels down infundibulum, through hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system.
  3. CRH stimulates ACTH release from anterior pituitary.
  4. ACTH travels through circulation to reach adrenal cortex.
  5. ACTH stimulates cortisol release from adrenal cortex.
  6. Cortisol increases MR and stress response.
  7. Increased blood cortisol levels inhibits CRH release (negative feedback).
41
Q

All feedback loops related to the anterior pituitary gland are “long-loop negative”, excluding one. Which is this?

A

Oestrogen.

42
Q

Explain what is meant by “short-loop negative feedback”.

A

Pituitary hormone inhibits release of hypothalamic neurohormone directly.

This is as oppose long loop, where the hormone which the pituitary hormone induces the release of does so.

Physiological concepts (12 decks)

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