WK2- paeds intro

Question 1

what condition is the most prevelent in children

Answer 1

asthma, hay fever and alergic rhinitis

Question 2

when does the greatest developmental changes occur in a persons life

what happens?

Answer 2

first 4 weeks after fertilisation

-lower limb buds appear between 3rd/4th embryonic weeks

Question 3

when does foetal period begin?

what happens in this stage

Answer 3

8th embryonic week

during this stage, foot is 90deg of equinas and adducted. foot is supinated and externally rotated

Question 4

when is embryonic period

Answer 4

3rd week post conception and finsihes at the end of week 8

Question 5

tetragens (things that can cause birth defects)

Answer 5

1. alochol: affects growth, CNS dysfunction, facial abnormalities, fetal alcohol syndrome
2. tobacco: risk of miscarriage, low birth weight, fetal hypoxia
3. cannabis: low birth weight
4. cocaine: brain damage

Question 6

3 main stages to forming the skeleton

Answer 6

1. mesenchymal
2. cartilaginous
3. osseous

Question 8

development of lower limb buds happens wehn

Answer 8

weeks3-5

Question 9

femoral, tibial and common peroneal nerves branch to buds when?

Answer 9

week 5

Question 10

what happens during week 6 of embryonic period

Answer 10

-foot is in full equinas and inverted
-plantar surface of feet face eachother
-bud webbing begins to notch and regress to form digits
(webbed feet may result from incomplete regression)

Question 11

what happens during week 7

Answer 11

-muscles of gastroc and soleus are apparent with myogenous zones for others but ill defined
-nerves have branched to supply and innervate the future muscle groups

many congenital deformities of the foot occur before week 7

Question 12

week 9 foetal period what happens

Answer 12

-calc moves from adjacent to the talus to plantar to the talus (STJ is formed)
-tibia/fibular begin to form ankle motise around talar dome
-1st met base articulates with medial cuneiform
-distal phalanx of great toe is 1st bone to ossify

Question 13

week 10-12 what happens

Answer 13

• foot begins to dorsiflex at ankle
  -tibial length increases
  -per form nail tissue develops

Question 15

week 21

Answer 15

-calc ossifies (first tarsus bone to do so)

Question 16

week 22

Answer 16

-nails are present
-hair is present

Question 17

week 24

Answer 17

-ossification centre of talus appears

Question 18

37 weeks

Answer 18

-cuboid ossifies

Question 19

primary ossification centre

Answer 19

first area of bone to start ossifying

long bones: occurs in diaphysis/shaft

irregular bones: body of bone

Question 20

secondary ossification centre

Answer 20

tyically appears during postnatal and adolescent years

most bones have more than one secondary centre

long bones: epiphyses

Question 21

what is the angle of inclination for femur

Answer 21

135-140deg which reduces to 125deg in adulthood

Question 22

femoral torsion angle

Answer 22

newborn 31degs and decreases until teenage years when they reach:

15deg males, 18deg females

Question 23

tibia in newborns

Answer 23

varus bowing (tibial varum) of 15-20deg

Question 24

retrotorsion

Answer 24

backward deflection of the tibia, most
probably due to tension of the hamstring muscles ( usually biceps femoris)

Question 25

retroflexion

Answer 25

tibia bent to be concave posteriorly (possibly due to the pull of
the posterior leg muscles with attachments proximally)

Question 26

foot dorsiflexion/plantarflexion at birth

Answer 26

foot can dorsiflex 45 deg and plantarflex 50 deg

Question 27

what bones are visible on an x ray at birth

Answer 27

-talus
-calc
-cuboid
-mets
-phalanges but not intermediate/distal on 5th toe

Question 28

milestones for 1 month

Answer 28

-spontaneous motor acitvity
-lifts head when prone, poor supine head control
-takes in surroundings
-follows objects to midline

Question 29

milestones for 2 months

Answer 29

-motor activity generalised
-smiles and coos socially
-follows objects past midline

Question 30

miletones for 3 months

Answer 30

-follows well with eyes
-uses hands
-controls head in prone
-moro’s reflex disappearing
-smiles/coos

Question 31

milestones for 4 months

Answer 31

-toy use
-control of head, good when sitting
-plays with hands
-laughs

Question 32

milestones at 6 months

Answer 32

-rolls over
-can sit briefly
-laughs and interacts

Question 33

milestones at 8 months

Answer 33

-grasps
-independent sitting
-babbles
-regards self in mirror

Question 34

milestones at 10 months

Answer 34

-crawls
-kneeled play
-self feeds
-may say words

Question 35

1 year milestones

Answer 35

-walks with support
-stands alone
-plays with toys
-may know some words
-begins to self feed with fingers

Question 36

milestones at 15 months

Answer 36

-walks alone
-4-5 words
-drinks
-can feed self with spoon
-points/vocalises

Question 37

milestones at 18 months

Answer 37

-walks well
-sits on chair
-throws balls
-climbs
-10 word vocabulary
-identifies pictures
-may be toilet trained

Question 38

milestones at 2

Answer 38

-runs well
-uses 3 word sentences
-feeds self
-knows name
-toilet trained during day
-interacts with surroundings and people