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YR3S2- PM4 > WK2- paeds intro > Flashcards

WK2- paeds intro Flashcards

1
Q

what condition is the most prevelent in children

A

asthma, hay fever and alergic rhinitis

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2
Q

when does the greatest developmental changes occur in a persons life

what happens?

A

first 4 weeks after fertilisation

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3
Q
A
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4
Q

when does foetal period begin?

what happens in this stage

A

8th embryonic week

during this stage,
foot is 90deg of equinas and adducted.
foot is supinated and externally rotated
ossification begins during this stage also

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5
Q

when is embryonic period

A

3rd week post conception and finishes at the end of week 8 (foetal period begins)

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6
Q

tetragens (things that can cause birth defects)

A
  1. alochol: affects growth, CNS dysfunction, facial abnormalities, fetal alcohol syndrome
  2. tobacco: risk of miscarriage, low birth weight, fetal hypoxia
  3. cannabis: low birth weight
  4. cocaine: brain damage
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7
Q

3 main stages to forming the skeleton

A
  1. mesenchymal
  2. cartilaginous
  3. osseous
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8
Q

what happens in week 3 embryonic period

A
  • nervous system begins developing
    -lower limb buds begin to develop
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9
Q

what happens in week 4 embryonic period

A

-spinal cord develops

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10
Q

what happens in week 5 embryonic period

A

-femoral, tibial and common peroneal nerves branch to their areas of limb bud

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11
Q

what happens during week 6 of embryonic period

A

-foot is in full equinas and inverted
-plantar surface of feet face eachother
-bud webbing begins to notch and regress to form digits
(webbed feet may result from incomplete regression)

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12
Q

what happens during week 7 embryonic period

A

-muscles of gastroc and soleus are apparent and myogenous zones for other muscles but ill defined
-nerves have branched to supply and innervate the future muscle groups

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13
Q

when do many congenital foot deformities occur

A

before 7 weeks embryonic period

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14
Q

what happens during foetal period (week 8) and term (37-40 weeks)

A

-foot is in equinas, supinated and adducted
-muscles, vessels, nerves and digits are differentiated

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15
Q

when does calc ossify

A

week 21

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16
Q

first tarsus bone to ossify is

A

calc at 21 weeks foetal period

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17
Q

whats the first bone to ossify and when

A

distal phalanx of great toe, week 9 foetal period

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18
Q

when does the talus ossify

A

week 24 (second tarsus bone to ossify)

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19
Q

when does cuboid ossify

A

37 weeks feotal period

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20
Q

primary ossification centre is what
where does it occur in long bones, where does it occur in irregular bones

A

first area of bone to start ossifying

long bones: occurs in diaphysis/shaft

irregular bones: body of bone

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21
Q

secondary ossification centre
when do they occur, where do they occur in long bones

A

typically appears during postnatal and adolescent years

most bones have more than one secondary centre

long bones: epiphyses

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22
Q

what is the angle of inclination for femur (frontal plane) for newborn and adulthood

A

newborn 135-140deg which reduces to 125deg in adulthood

23
Q

femoral torsion angle (transverse plane)/ femoral neck anteversion angle

A

internal rotation (anteversion) of femoral neck

newborn 31degs and decreases until teenage years when they reach:

little less than 15deg males,
18deg females

24
Q

FNA angle at 5

A

26 degrees anteversion

25
Q

FNA angle at age 9

A

21 degrees anteversion

26
Q

tibia shape in newborns

A

varus bowing (tibial varum) of 15-20deg

27
Q

retrotorsion of tibia/fibula

what is it and what is it likely caused by

A

not a true torson
backward deflection of the tibia, most probably due to tension of the hamstring muscles ( usually biceps femoris)

28
Q

retroflexion of tibia/fibula

what is it and what is it likely caused by

A

tibia bent to be concave posteriorly (possibly due to the pull of
the posterior leg muscles with attachments proximally)

29
Q

retroversion fo tibia/fibula

angle at birth
angle at 19

A

at birth 27 degs posterior angulation, gradually changing to 5 degress by 19 years of age

30
Q

malleoli changes

A

at birth, both medial and lateral malleoli are in the same plane
they begin to externally rotate until age 6

31
Q

foot dorsiflexion/plantarflexion at birth

A

foot can dorsiflex 45 deg and plantarflex 50 deg

32
Q

what bones are visible on an x ray at birth

A

-talus
-calc
-cuboid
-all 5 mets
-phalanges but not intermediate/distal on 5th toe

33
Q

milestones are very consistent up until

A

2 years of age

34
Q

what are good and concerning signs

A

progression - good
plateau - concerning
regression- very concerning

35
Q

milestones for 1 month

A

-spontaneous motor acitvity
-lifts head when prone, poor supine head control
-takes in surroundings
-follows objects to midline

36
Q

milestones for 2 months

A

-motor activity generalised
-smiles and coos socially
-follows objects past midline

37
Q

miletones for 3 months

A

-follows well with eyes
-uses hands
-controls head in prone
-moro’s reflex disappearing
-smiles/coos

38
Q

milestones for 4 months

A

-toy use
-control of head good when sitting
-plays with hands
-laughs

39
Q

milestones at 6 months

A

-rolls over
-can sit briefly
-laughs and interacts

40
Q

milestones at 8 months

A

-grasps with hands
-independent sitting
-babbles
-regards self in mirror

41
Q

milestones at 10 months

A

-crawls
-kneeled play
-self feeds
-may say words

42
Q

1 year milestones

A

-walks with support
-stands alone
-plays with toys
-may know some words
-begins to self feed with fingers

43
Q

milestones at 15 months

A

-walks alone
-4-5 words
-drinks
-can feed self with spoon
-points/vocalises

44
Q

milestones at 18 months

A

-walks well
-sits on chair
-throws balls
-climbs
-10 word vocabulary
-identifies pictures
-may be toilet trained

45
Q

milestones at 2

A

-runs well
-uses 3 word sentences
-feeds self
-knows name
-toilet trained during day
-interacts with surroundings and people

46
Q

walking milestone

A

12-13months

47
Q

jumping milestone

A

2 years

48
Q

crawling milestone

A

6-7 months

49
Q

sitting milestone

A

6-7 months

50
Q

3 years old

A

-single leg stance (eyes open) 5-7 secs

51
Q

4 years old

A

-single leg hops
-coordinated skipping
-throws balls

52
Q

5 years

A

skips, alternating feet

53
Q

6 years

A

single leg stance longer than 15 seconds

YR3S2- PM4 (12 decks)

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