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PSY125 - Psychological Processes > WK1 - PSY125 > Flashcards

WK1 - PSY125 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cognitive Psychology?

A

Cognitive Psychology is a very broad, interdisciplinary field that is concerned with
how people think,
pay attention,
and remember

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2
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A 
A sub-discipline of psychology that:
• uses the scientific method to examine how the “mind”
works
• focusses on the 
acquisition, 
retention, 
& use of knowledge
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3
Q

A non-psychologist might ask:
• Why do I sometimes find words are ‘on the tip of my tongue’ but I just can’t say them?

What would a cognitive psychologist ask?

A

What factors play a role in memory retrieval failures, and how can retrieval failures be overcome?

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4
Q

What is Clinical psychology?

A

Memory and perceptual distortions in depression

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5
Q

Neuropsychology?

A

Study of human deficits due to brain damage

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6
Q

Developmental psychology?

A

Howdomemoryandreasoningchangewithage?

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7
Q

Personality?

A

How do personality factors affect decision-making and risk-taking?

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8
Q

Social psychology?

A

How do social stereotypes affect perception and decision-making?

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9
Q

Neuroimaging

A

Non-invasive human brain imaging

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10
Q

Theoretical neuroscience

A

Theory and model building

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11
Q

Neuroscience

A

Neurophysiology,
neuroanatomy,
neurochemistry, etc.

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12
Q

Introspection (late 1800s)
• Wundt & Titchener
• Research psychology (Wundt: “father of experimental psychology”) • cf.BiologyandPhilosophy
• Focus on “conscious mental events”
• feelings, thoughts, perceptions, & recollections
• The only way to study these phenomena is to “look within” • only the participant has access to these states
• Participants are trained in “introspection” • report, not interpret, their experiences

Problems with introspection as a research tool?

A

Subjective

  • Untestable
  • Unconscious thoughts & processes?
  • Lack of privileged “access” (e.g., doctors & Pharma reps)
  • Cognitive biases (e.g., cognitive dissonance, rationalisation)

“Man is not a rational animal, he is a rationalizing animal“ (Heinlein, 1953)

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13
Q

Problems with introspection as a research tool?

A

Problems with introspection as a research tool?

Subjective
• Untestable
• Unconscious thoughts & processes?
• Lack of privileged “access” (e.g., doctors & Pharma reps)
• Cognitive biases (e.g., cognitive dissonance, rationalisation)

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14
Q

Cognition: Historical perspectives
Behaviourism (first half of …… century)

  • Science requires ……….. observations
  • measurable, …………. data
  • Skinner & …………
  • Primary focus: ………… responses to stimuli
  • ……………, learning, reward & punishment, etc.

• Influential and lasting contributions to psychology
e.g., Learning theory

See also videogames, “pokies”

A

Cognition: Historical perspectives
Behaviourism (first half of 20th century)

  • Science requires objective observations
  • measurable, verifiable data
  • Skinner & Watson
  • Primary focus: behavioural responses to stimuli
  • Conditioning, learning, reward & punishment, etc.

Influential and lasting contributions to psychology
e.g., Learning theory

See also videogames, “pokies”

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15
Q

Limitations of behaviourism?

What about non-observable phenomena?

• attitudes, …………., & interpretations shape behavioural responses

Behaviourists: if it can’t be …………. , it shouldn’t be discussed

  • Humans are not simple stimulus-response mechanisms
  • we want to know “……….”, not just “what”, in order to predict future behaviour
A

Limitations of behaviourism?

What about non-observable phenomena?

• attitudes, perceptions, & interpretations shape behavioural responses

Behaviourists: if it can’t be observed, it shouldn’t be discussed

  • Humans are not simple stimulus-response mechanisms
  • we want to know “why”, not just “what”, in order to predict future behaviour
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16
Q

Limitations of behaviourism?

A

Limitations of behaviourism?

Psychology lost its mind!
• memory, thought, etc, were largely ignored
• Skinner didn’t even want a theory!!! • Yikes…
• WWII didn’t help
• perception, judgment, thinking, decision making

17
Q

Cognition: Historical perspectives

Donald O. …………

  • The Organization of ………… (1949)
  • “Neurons that ……. together …….. together”
  • ………., perception, and learning in terms of events within the central nervous system
  • Interdisciplinary approach to brain and behaviour
  • didn’t shy away from …………. and the importance of internal mental processes!!
A

Cognition: Historical perspectives

Donald O. Hebb

  • The Organization of Behavior (1949)
  • “Neurons that fire together wire together”
  • Thinking, perception, and learning in terms of events within the central nervous system
  • Interdisciplinary approach to brain and behaviour
  • didn’t shy away from thought and the importance of internal mental processes!!
18
Q

The cognitive revolution
• The information ………. model (c.1950’s)
i. Participants …….., store, & retrieve information
ii. Sensation (…….) and perception (…….)
• But how do we measure the unobservable?
• We ….. …..Kant’s (18th century) …… method
• ……. on possible causes, develop …….. frameworks, derive testable ……., test these hypotheses against …….. data

  • Identify (through ……..) the invisible causes of visible effects
  • Investigate effects of theoretically-motivated manipulations on: • ……. times
  • ………. errors
A

The cognitive revolution
• The information processing model (c.1950’s)
i. Participants encode, store, & retrieve information
ii. Sensation (stimulus) and perception (interpretation)
• But how do we measure the unobservable?
• We work backwards: Kant’s (18th century) transcendental method
• Speculate on possible causes, develop theoretical frameworks, derive
testable hypotheses, test these hypotheses against observable data
• Identify (through inference) the invisible causes of visible effects
• Investigate effects of theoretically-motivated manipulations on: • Reaction times
• Response errors

19
Q

Common assumptions

  • Mental ……… exist
  • People are active ……… processors
  • Mental processes can be revealed by ….. and accuracy measurements
  • we can measure …….. processes …….
  • Cognitive processes are interrelated with one another, they do not operate in ……..
A

Common assumptions

  • Mental processes exist
  • People are active information processors
  • Mental processes can be revealed by time and accuracy measurements
  • we can measure underlying processes indirectly
  • Cognitive processes are interrelated with one another, they do not operate in isolation
20
Q 
Cognition: Historical perspectives
A really simple example
Priming for word stem completion:
Great Grate Greet Grabs Groom
• effects on response & response times speak to the associative nature of memory
A 
Cognition: Historical perspectives
A really simple example
Priming for word stem completion:
Great Grate Greet Grabs Groom
• effects on response & response times speak to the associative nature of memory
21
Q

One research technique used in Cognitive Neuroscience that has high temporal resolution is:

A) Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

B) Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

C) Electroencephalography (EEG)

D) Computerised Axial Tomography (CT)

A

C) Electroencephalography (EEG) ma. “

22
Q

Summary
• Cognitive psychology aims to explain our thought processes • e.g., attention, perception, memory, intelligence, etc.
• Cognitive processes underpin most aspects of psychology and many aspects of our daily functioning
• Cognitive psychology relies on scientific methods • Indirect methods
• Neuroimaging, etc.

A

Summary
• Cognitive psychology aims to explain our thought processes • e.g., attention, perception, memory, intelligence, etc.
• Cognitive processes underpin most aspects of psychology and many aspects of our daily functioning
• Cognitive psychology relies on scientific methods • Indirect methods
• Neuroimaging, etc.

23
Q

PSY125 Psychological Process overview

The content presented in each week’s module, the required and recommended readings, and the assessments are designed to facilitate you in meeting the following unit learning outcomes:

Explain key theories and concepts in cognitive psychology including the research approaches used in this field;

Apply cognitive psychological theory and research to real-life situations and problems;

Interpret data relating to key ideas in cognitive psychology.

A

X

24
Q

PSY125 Psychological Processes can be undertaken either fully online or as a blended unit.

At a broad level, this unit requires you to undertake 12 modules.
So in order for you to successfully achieve the unit learning outcomes, you will need to plan your time wisely.

A

X

25
Q

PSY125

The content area contains the modules you will work through each week.

These are segmented into topics.

Here you will find:
a comprehensive module introduction

mini lecture videos that can be viewed online or downloaded
mini lecture power point files for you to download
supporting resources such as readings, YouTube videos, diagrams, links to websites and learning activities for each topic

A

X

PSY125 - Psychological Processes (5 decks)

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