wk 9-11 Flashcards
when taking a cranial/caudal view of an extremity, you would place the marker where
lateral aspect of leg
what conversion would you make to the mAs when taking a radiograph of an extremity
base/5
what conversion would you make to the mAs when taking a radiograph of a skull
base x2
where do you measure for a DV view of a skull
top of head to bottom of mandible
where do you measure for a lateral view of a skull
across head at ears (not including the pinna)
the FOV for a radiograph of a suspected fractured radius and ulna
elbow to carpus
the FOV for a radiograph of a suspected fractured humerus
shoulder to elbow
the FOV for a radiograph of a suspected fractured tibia
knee to tarsus
FOV for the radiograph of a skull
tip of nose to atlas
how should the beam be centered on the bone being radiographed
midway or point of interest
the correct FOV for a VD x-ray of the pelvis
wing of ilium to caudal border of ischium (half of femur)
correct FOV for an OFA view of the pelvis
wing of ilium to patellas
scale contrast for pelvis
short
what view is required by the OFA
VD only
what are the age requirements set by the OFA
at least 24 months
if the patient was under measured for an x-ray of the pelvis, what will the final radiograph look like
too light
the proper area to measure an animal for a lateral pelvis
across the coxofemoral joints
grid cut off is caused by what error in setting up for the x-ray
Bucky tray not lined up
a radiograph which was developed for too long will be affected how
too dark
subluxation
partial dislocation
one breed of dog which commonly has hip dysplasia
taller, larger breeds; great dane
where do you center for a routine VD view of the pelvis
coxofemoral joints
where do you center for a routine lateral view of a pelvis
stifle; lower coxofemoral joints
a radiograph which has been exposed to light and then developed and fixed will be
black
when using a grid,
more x-ray is necessary than table top
the difference in density of adjacent tissues
contrast
term used to describe the organs or bones visualized on an xray
opacity
measurements for a whole cat views are taken at
last rib
the abdominal mAs is adjusted how for a whole cat view
1/2 base
if the scale of contrast is too long on our whole cat final x-ray how can it be fixed
turn down KVp
under measurement of the cat will result in a final x-ray that is
light
not centering the x-ray beam to the table and then taking an x-ray using the Bucky will result in
grid cut off
two reasons the x-ray developed clear
- no exposure so nothing sensitized and all washed off
- fixer first before developer
FOV for whole cat radiograph
thoracic inlet to coxofemoral joints
T/F ultrasound uses radiation much like x-rays
F; uses soundwaves
CT stands for
computed technology
CT uses what type of x-ray tube
rotating
CT has more or less shades of gray than regular x-rays
more
3 benefits of ultrasound
- portable
- measures cysts, masses, etc
- better at diagnosing discrete abnormalities that would be missed on x-ray
what is responsible for sending and receiving sound waves used to create an image
transducer; ultrasound probe
T/F ultrasound is better at diagnosing discrete abnormalities that x-ray
T
why is fur clipped before performing an ultrasound? what else to prep skin?
to have probe in direct contact with the skin; clean area with alcohol and apply coupling gel
nuclear medicine is used mostly for
localizing pathology or results of trauma in horses
for a nuclear scan, areas of inflammation show more or less activity
more
MRI stands for
magnetic resonance imaging
MRI visualizes ___ type of tissues when CT is better for viewing ___
soft; bone
MRI is a process involving ___ and ___ properties of cells
radio waves and hydrogen nuclei
T/F a contrast study alone should be used to make a diagnosis
F
what information can be obtained from a contrast study
- function of an organ
- information about smooth mucosa surfaces of certain organs
- size and shape of certain organs
- motility of an area
radiolucent
negative media/dark
radiopaque
postive media/light
survey radiograph
general radiographs taken before the contrast media is introduced; baseline radiograph
2 ways to ensure the GI tract is empty before doing a GI study
fasting and enema (material directly into colon through rectum to defecate)
what does dark blood in vomit or stool indicate
digested blood
T/F when doing an upper GI study only one radiograph is needed
F; series of studies to examine the digestive process
when is injecting media into an organ contraindicated
if suspected rupture; inject air instead (negative media)
not centering the x-ray beam to the table and then taking an x-ray using the Bucky will result in
grid cut off
2 reasons that the x-ray you have just developed is clear
- no exposure
- fixer before developer solution
