wk 7- workshop

Question 1

3 main types of adaptive immunity

Answer 1

1. humoral immunity - antibodies that block infections and eliminate extracellular microbes
2. cell mediated immunity (T lymphocytes CD4+) activate phagocytes to kill microbes
3. cell mediated immunity (T lymphocytes Cytotoxic) kill infected cells and eliminate reservoirs of infection (viruses)

Question 2

4 facts about humoral immunity

Answer 2

-mediated by antibody
-targets extracellular pathogens and their products
-5 classes of antibody
-found in all body fluids

Question 3

antibody functions 4

Answer 3

neutralisation- bind to toxins and viruses

opsonization- enhance phagocytosis of antigens

complement activation- lyse cells (MAC)

agglutination/precipitation- aggregate particulate antigens (clumps of bacteria together)

Question 4

B cells when activated can become

Answer 4

A plasma cell- an antibody factory producing secreted antibodies

a memory cell- long lived, capable of enhanced responses to antigen re-encounter

Question 5

TL4, CB4, CB3, polarization of macrophages stuff to know from

Question 6

do fungi have multiple growth forms?

Answer 6

they exist as hyphae, conidia, yeast forms and each form can express a different subset of PAMPs (innate immunity/TLRs) or antigens (adaptive immunity)

yes

Question 7

where do fungi grow and whats their main food source

Answer 7

outer layer of skin- keratin

Question 8

why does this location make it hard for immune system to control?

Answer 8

hard for cells to move through multiple layers of skin (physical barrier) and an area made up of dead cells.

cannot secret host defense peptides or anything to alert the immune system and poor blood and lymphatic supply.

Question 9

why might the secretion of IL-10 after IL-12 by macrophages be important in individuals who develop chronic infections

Answer 9

IL-12 monocytes develop into pro inflammatory M1 macrophages which can kill fungi and activate an inflammatory response

IL-10 drives monocytes to develop an M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype, which cannot kill but is involved in reducing inflammation and promoting tissue repair

Question 10

the CD4 cells are a mixture of TH1 and TH17 cells, why is this important?

Answer 10

different helper T cell subsets target different pathogens.

TH1- activates macrophages that can kill fungi
TH17- recruit and activate neutrophils to killing invading fungi

Question 11

how would CD8 cells contribute to protection against fungi pathogen trichophyton?

Answer 11

CD8 T cells can also differentiate into subsets providing a larger range of actions being performed to target different pathogens