WK 6 - Personality

Question 1

Costa and McCrae have demonstrated the validity of their 5-factor personality structure across _______.

a) age
b) gender
c) cultural background
d) all of the above

Answer 1

d) all of the above

Question 2

Trust, altruism, straightforwardness, and kindness are characteristics of which personality trait?

a) neuroticism
b) openness
c) agreeableness
d) extraversion

Answer 2

c) agreeableness

Question 3

A person’s genetic endowment combines with environmental factors to maintain personality traits over the years of adulthood, a concept known as:

a) generativity
b) person-environment transactions
c) heritability
d) differential continuity

Answer 3

b) person-environment transactions.

Question 4

In her first year of college Deneisha was struggling to find herself and mistakenly thought she would find her identity by dating the first guy who showed interest in her. According to Erikson’s theory, Deneisha is likely to experience

a) shame and doubt
b) a sense of isolation
c) stagnation
d) role confusion

Answer 4

b) a sense of isolation

Question 5

differential continuity can be described as:

a) short-term characteristics of a person (affect)
b) stability of a cohorts’ rank order over time
c) stability of an individual’s rank order over time
d) an enduring set of characteristics that define our individuality and affect our interactions with other people

Answer 5

c) stability of an individual’s rank order over time

Question 6

Whether or not traits of an individual vary over time can be described as:

a) intra-individual variability
b) differential continuity
c) mean level change
d) inter-individual variablility

Answer 6

a) intra-individual variability - RE: Traits

• the following are RE: factors
  b) differential continuity
  c) mean level change

Question 7

People with higher levels of which personality factor tend to live longer?

a) neuroticism
b) openness
c) extroversion
d) conscientiousness

Answer 7

d) conscientiousness

Question 8

Evocative transactions can be described as:

a) strategies we use to change our current environment by causing change in the people around us
b) Selecting roles/environments that best fit our personality
c) behaving in a way that elicits reactions from others that confirm our self-concept
d) reacting/interpreting and experience in a way that is consistent with out self-concept

Answer 8

c) behaving in a way that elicits reactions from others that confirm our self-concept

• a) MANIPULATIVE TRANSACTIONS are strategies we use to change our current environment by causing change in the people around us
  b) PROACTIVE TRANSACTIONS are Selecting roles/environments that best fit our personality
  d) REACTIVE TRANSACTIONS are reacting/interpreting and experience in a way that is consistent with out self-concept

Question 9

Reactive heritability is:

a) A process where people’s genes become activated through experiences
b) a process where people use the traits they have inherited to determine strategies for survival and reproduction
c) How one reacts to adverse experiences in comparison to other family members
d) loss of genes due to experiences

Answer 9

b) a process where people use the traits they have inherited to determine strategies for survival and reproduction

Question 10

According to Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development, stage 8 (65+) will achieve:

a) identity or role confusion
b) intimacy or isolation
c) generativity or self-absorption/isolation
d) ego integrity or despair

Answer 10

d) ego integrity or despair

Question 11

Within Loevinger’s ego deveolpment, which of the following is not a part of the individualistic stage?

a) take a broad view of life as a whole
b) think on terms of psychological causes
c) realise their existence expands beyond their reference group, which can cause loneliness or self-consciousness
d) preoccupied by a sense of individuality

Answer 11

c) realise their existence expands beyond their reference group, which can cause loneliness or self-consciousness

= self-aware stage

Question 12

Mature adaptation can be described as:

a) normal, unconscious strategies used for dealing with anxiety
b) a time when one establishes their competence and seek to acquire a positive reputation/status
c) disavowel
d) potential progressive change in the ways adults adapt psychologically to adverse experiences

Answer 12

d) potential progressive change in the ways adults adapt psychologically to adverse experiences

• a) defense mechanism = normal, unconscious strategies used for dealing with anxiety
  b) career consolidation = a time when one establishes their competence and seek to acquire a positive reputation/status
  c) type of defense mech (A.K.A. denial) disavowel

Question 13

An example of a “being motive” on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is:

a) physiological needs
b) safety/security needs
c) love and belongingness
d) self-esteem
e) self- actualisation

Answer 13

e) self- actualisation

• the rest are deficiency needs
• being motives are distinctly human

Question 14

Within self-determination theory, eudaimonia is/does not:

a) happiness that involves the presence of positive emotions and absence of negative emotions
b) a sense of integrity and wellbeing
c) include basic needs of competence, autonomy and relatedness
d) similar to Maslow’s concept of self-actualization

Answer 14

a) happiness that involves the presence of positive emotions and absence of negative emotions
- this = hedonia

Question 15

Within self-determination theory, redirecting extra resources to completing important activities would be considered as:

a) autonomy
b) competence
c) relatedness
d) physiological needs

Answer 15

b) competence

Question 16

In regard Vaillant’s 6 defense mechanism levels, he posited that:

a) people only ever use the same mechanism/s throughout their life
b) the mechanisms represent stages of mature adaptation development
c) the least mature level is that of major image distortion
d) the least mature level is that of action

Answer 16

d) the least mature level is that of action

- lvl 1 = most mature
high adaptive lvl
mental inhibition lvl
minor image distortion lvl
disavowel lvl
major image distorting lvl
action lvl

Question 17

Within Vaillants mature adaptation theory of personality development, which of the following is not a defense mechanism?

a) autistic fantasy
b) omnipotence
c) regression
d) denial

Answer 17

c) regression

- repression is

Question 18

in regard to gender crossover and aging, which of the following is not true?

a) adults suppress opposite gender characteristic to attract a mate
b) aging represents a loss of personal freedom
c) research findings show openness to expression, rather than full crossover
d) change seems to be stronger for females than males

Answer 18

b) aging represents a loss of personal freedom